Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus).

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate after IV and IM single-dose administration in red-tailed hawks (RTHs) and great horned owls (GHOs).

Animals: 6 adult RTHs and 6 adult GHOs.

Procedures: Each bird received an injection of butorphanol (0.

Pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod, a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist with prokinetic activity in horses.

Tegaserod, a serotonin agonist, has been shown to have prokinetic effects in horses, but pharmacokinetic information is not currently available. The pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod were evaluated. Tegaserod increased the contractile activity of smooth muscle preparations of the equine pelvic flexure.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of respiratory tract pathogens from sheep and goats.

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of common respiratory tract pathogens from sheep and goats.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population: 41 respiratory tract isolates from sheep and 36 isolates from goats.

Development of a physiologic-based pharmacokinetic model for estimating sulfamethazine concentrations in swine and application to prediction of violative residues in edible tissues.

Objective: To develop a flow-limited, physiologic-based pharmacokinetic model for use in estimating concentrations of sulfamethazine after IV administration to swine.

Sample Population: 4 published studies provided physiologic values for organ weights, blood flows, clearance, and tissue-to-blood partition coefficients, and 3 published studies provided data on plasma and other tissue compartments for model validation.

Procedure: For the parent compound, the model included compartments for blood, adipose, muscle, liver, and kidney tissue with an extra compartment representing the remaining carcass.

Multivariate meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of using multivariate cluster analysis to meta-analyze pharmacokinetic data obtained from studies of pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle and identify factors that could account for variability in pharmacokinetic parameters among studies.

Sample Population: Data from original studies of the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle in the database of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank.

Procedure: Mean plasma or serum ampicillin concentration versus time data and potential factors that may have affected the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate were obtained from each study.

Comparison of the use of regulatory assays and high-performance liquid chromatography for detection of residues of ceftiofur sodium metabolites in tissue specimens of culled dairy cattle.

Objective: To compare the results of regulatory screening and confirmation assays with those of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the detection of ceftiofur metabolites in the tissues of culled dairy cattle.

Animals: 17 lactating Holstein dairy cows.

Procedure: Daily IM injections of ceftiofur sodium were administered at a dose of 2.

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in red deer (Cervus elaphus).

Twelve adult female red deer (Cervus elaphus) were given 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium by intramuscular injection (i.m.) and ballistic implant in a crossover design.

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration in green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium after IM and SC administration in green iguanas.

Animals: 6 male and 4 female adult green iguanas.

Procedure: In a crossover design, 5 iguanas received a single dose of ceftiofur sodium (5 mg/kg) IM, and 5 iguanas received the same dose SC.

Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants.

Objective: To describe pharmacokinetics of multi-dose oral administration of tacrolimus in healthy cats and evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants.

Animals: 6 healthy research cats.

Procedure: Cats received tacrolimus (0.

Pharmacokinetics and clinical utility of sodium bromide (NaBr) as an estimator of extracellular fluid volume in horses.

The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of bromide in horses and to evaluate the corrected bromide space as an indicator of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) in horses after the administration of a single dose of bromide by intravenous infusion. Sodium bromide (30 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered to 6 clinically healthy mares over a period of 3 minutes. Blood samples were collected before infusion and at intervals between 0.

Interspecies considerations in the evaluation of human food safety for veterinary drugs.

Residues are composed of the parent drug and metabolites, and therefore interspecies comparisons must involve a consideration of comparative xenobiotic metabolism. The focus of this article will be the residue studies that are required to establish human food safety, and the interspecies pharmacokinetic differences and similarities that impact drug residues in animal- derived foods. To illustrate the factors that can complicate and assist these comparisons, 2 drugs will be examined in detail: ivermectin and fenbendazole.

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD): An Automated Pharmacologic Databank for Drug and Chemical Residue Avoidance.

The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is a comprehensive computerized databank of regulatory and pharmacologic information useful for mitigation of drug and chemical residue problems in food-producing animals. For drugs, the databank contains information on proprietory products, labelled indications for use, and approved withdrawal and milk discard times. For drugs and chemicals, data are available on physiochemical properties of the chemical or generic drug, on tissue, egg and milk tolerances of these compounds, and on their pharmacokinetic behavior.