Costs of Influenza Illness and Acute Respiratory Infections by Household Income Level: Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Implications for Health Equity.

Background: Seasonal influenza illness and acute respiratory infections can impose a substantial economic burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We assessed the cost of influenza illness and acute respiratory infections across household income strata.

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a prior systematic review of costs of influenza and other respiratory illnesses in LMICs and contacted authors to obtain data on cost of illness (COI) for laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection.

Exploring cost drivers to improve disease management: the case of type 2 diabetes at a tertiary hospital in Burundi, Africa.

Background: In Burundi, the International Diabetes Federation estimated the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) as high as 2.4% in adults aged between 20 and 79 years old. Thus, the healthcare expenditure for the treatment of diabetic patients is considerably high.

Cost-Utility Analysis of Community Case Management for Malaria Control in Burundi.

Background: The community case management (CCM) program for malaria control is a community-based strategy implemented to regulate malaria in children in Burundi. This study compared the cost and utility of implementing the CCM program combined with health facility management (HFM) versus HFM alone for malaria control in children under five in Burundi.

Methods: This study constructed a five-year Markov model with one-week cycles to estimate cost-utility and budget impact analysis (BIA).

Does the Choice of Health Metric, DALY or QALY, Influence Conclusions of Health Economic Evaluation? A Case Study of Rotavirus Vaccine in Burundi.

Background: Two metrics, quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY), have been commonly used to measure health benefits associated with health interventions. This study aimed to explore the effect of the choice of health metric (DALY or QALY) on economic evaluation conclusion.

Methods: A previous published model for a cost-utility analysis (CUA) of rotavirus vaccine was adapted to estimate the QALYs gained and DALYs averted from four rotavirus vaccines: Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotavac, and Rotasiil.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Diagnostic Tests for Para-Aortic Lymph Node Detection in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer.

Purpose: We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests, ie, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET⁄CT) for para-aortic lymph node detection (PALND), in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients (stages IB3-IVA) with or without laparoscopic lymphadenectomy (LL) compared with no investigation (NoIx) based on provider and societal perspectives during 5 years.

Patients And Methods: Hybrid decision tree and Markov models were conducted to compare the cost and utility of six interventions including: 1) CT without LL, 2) CT with LL, 3) MRI without LL, 4) MRI with LL, 5) PET/CT without LL, and 6) PET/CT with LL compared with NoIx. All clinical parameters were obtained from published studies.

How Economic Analysis Increases the Awareness of Clinical Services: A Case of Diabetes Mellitus at a Teaching Hospital in Myanmar.

Objectives: Myanmar faces a growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has significant impact on the individual health and health service system; nevertheless, reliable cost estimate for treating diabetes is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the treatment cost of hospitalization by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the association of complications and comorbidities with the treatment cost.

Methods: The retrospective incidence-based cost of illness analysis was performed at the diabetes ward of 800-bed teaching hospital in Yangon, Myanmar.

Factors affecting healthrelated quality of life of HIVinfected key population in Myanmar.

This cross-sectional study examined factors affecting Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among 273 HIV-infected key populations. This included, men who have sex with men (MSM), people, who inject drugs (PWID), and sex workers (SW), who were currently receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Myanmar. Participants were recruited from four non-government clinics in four main cities.

Cost of premature mortality attributable to smoking in the Middle East and North Africa.

Background: Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature mortality, incurring substantial economic costs.

Aims: To estimate the rate and cost of premature mortality attributable to smoking in the 24 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in 2015.

Methods: Smoking attributable fractions were estimated.

The Cost of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer in Thailand: an Empirical Study for Economic Analysis.

Objective: To evaluate cost of illness of locally advanced cervical cancer patients from societal perspective in three scenarios including completely cured without severe late side effects (S1), completely cured with late grade 3-4 gastrointestinal side effects (S2.1) or genitourinary side effects (S2.2), and disease recurrence and death (S3).

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Community Case Management of Childhood Diarrhea in Burundi.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of community case management (CCM) program of childhood diarrhea by providing oral rehydration salts and zinc through community health workers in Burundi.

Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis study using a Markov modeling approach was undertaken to assess the CCM program of diarrhea from both provider and societal perspectives. The CCM program was compared with the routine management of childhood diarrhea at health facilities.

Economic burden on people living with HIV who attend self-help groups in Yangon, Myanmar.

This study aims to determine economic burden or cost of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its consequences from patient perspective and to examine factors influencing the cost. This is a prevalence-based cost-of-illness (COI) study. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Yangon, Myanmar during March and April 2018.

Economic evaluation of rotavirus vaccination: an important step of the introduction to the national immunization program in Thailand.

Introduction: World Health Organization recommends rotavirus vaccine for all national immunization programs (NIPs). To provide country-specific evidence, we conducted economic evaluation of a monovalent rotavirus vaccination using specific data of the pilot phase in Thailand.

Method: A Markov model was adopted to compare the 2020 birth cohort once receiving rotavirus vaccination versus no vaccination from healthcare and societal perspective over five years.

Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi.

Background: In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea.

Methods: The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective.

A comparison of six approaches for measuring utility values among patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.

Background: Several instruments are available to measure health utility values. However, limited studies have not yet comprehensively assessed the agreement among these instruments. This study therefore aimed to investigate the performance and agreement of six instruments for utility measures: EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L (cTTO model), EQ-5D-5L (DCE model), EQ-5D-5L (Hybrid model), TTO, and VAS, among locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients in Thailand.

Economic analysis for national immunization program planning: A case of rotavirus vaccines in Burundi.

Background: In Burundi, diarrhea is the third leading cause of mortality among children under five years of age. This study conducted an economic analysis of rotavirus vaccination program in Burundi.

Methods: A Markov model was constructed to simulate clinical and economic outcomes for the 2019 birth cohort for a period of 5 years.

Treatment cost and costing model of obstetric complications at a hospital in Myanmar.

Maternal health still remains a major challenge in almost all developing countries. In Myanmar, the country met only 62% of its target for the maternal mortality rate (130 per 100,000 live birth) even though proportion of skilled birth attendant (SBA) and antenatal care (ANC) coverage was 80% in 2015. Despite the estimated large maternal complications, most maternal healthcare program ignored the burden of those morbidity because of limited understanding of the incidence and prevalence of morbidity conditions and cost of those morbidity burdens on society.

Economic burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Thailand: Report from a pilot study on rotavirus vaccination.

Background: Rotavirus diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in both developed and developing countries. Hospitalization costs are a significant burden of both governments and households. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with the hospitalization of children with non-rotavirus and rotavirus diarrhea in two provinces in Thailand.

COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT IN THAILAND.

Objectives: Although interferon beta-1a (IFNß-1a), 1b (IFNß-1b), and fingolimod have been approved as multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments, they have not yet been included on the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) formulary in Thailand. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-utility of MS treatments compared with best supportive care (BSC) based on a societal perspective in Thailand.

Methods: A Markov model with cost and health outcomes over a lifetime horizon with a 1-month cycle length was conducted for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.

Excess annual economic burdens from nosocomial infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria in Thailand.

Background - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health threat worldwide as it brings about poorer outcomes and places economic burdens to society. This study aims to estimate the economic burdens from nosocomial infections (NI) caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in Thailand. Research design and methods - A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary hospital over 2011-2012.

Estimating the economic impact of canine rabies to Viet Nam 2005-2014.

The global economic impact of canine rabies has been estimated by several studies. Asia bears a disproportionate burden of this zoonosis due to high levels of human deaths and rates of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), but low investment in preventative dog vaccination. The same factors that cause rabies to burden much of Asia are also present in Viet Nam.

Health utilities of patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in Thailand.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum (NMOSD) cause several symptoms that negatively impact on patient's quality of life. No study has ever conducted to examine the quality of life of MS and NMOSD patients, especially in terms of health utility, among the non-western population. This study aims to examine health utility among MS and NMOSD patients in Thailand.

A Comparison of EQ-5D-3L Index Scores Using Malaysian, Singaporean, Thai, and UK Value Sets in Indonesian Cervical Cancer Patients.

Objectives: To gain insight into the most suitable foreign value set among Malaysian, Singaporean, Thai, and UK value sets for calculating the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire index score (utility) among patients with cervical cancer in Indonesia.

Methods: Data from 87 patients with cervical cancer recruited from a referral hospital in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, from an earlier study of health-related quality of life were used in this study. The differences among the utility scores derived from the four value sets were determined using the Friedman test.

A multi-country study of the economic burden of dengue fever: Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia.

Background: Dengue fever is a major public health concern in many parts of the tropics and subtropics. The first dengue vaccine has already been licensed in six countries. Given the growing interests in the effective use of the vaccine, it is critical to understand the economic burden of dengue fever to guide decision-makers in setting health policy priorities.

Health related quality of life impact from rotavirus diarrhea on children and their family caregivers in Thailand.

Background: Rotavirus diarrhea is a major health problem among young children worldwide with potential negative impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study assessed the impact of rotavirus diarrhea on HRQoL of children and their caregivers.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study among 460 hospitalized children with diarrhea aged under 5 years and their family caregivers at three hospitals in Phetchabun province, Thailand during May 2013 and February 2014.

Social and economic burden of patients with influenza-like illness and clinically diagnosed flu treated at various health facilities in Vietnam.

Influenza is a malady related to the human respiratory system, and its influenza-like illness (ILI) can cause an economic and social burden, especially among children and the elderly. This study was conducted to estimate the cost of illness based on a social perspective of ILI cases. A prospective study was conducted between February and March of 2016 in pharmacies, private clinics at Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong, Tay Ninh, Dong Nai Province, and Ho Chi Minh City, and Hospital of Tropical Diseases.