EVALUATION OF GRA6 AS GENETIC MARKER FOR DETERMINING GENOTYPE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS WITH TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS.

Background: Toxoplasmic encephalitis is a severe manifestation of infection, with potentially fatal outcomes, particularly among immunocompromised patients. Clinical manifestation of this infection is associated with a specific genotype of , requiring the use of genetic marker for genotype determination.

Aims: This study critically evaluated the application of GRA6 gene as genetic marker for genotyping in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with Toxoplasmic encephalitis.

Comparative GRA6 and GRA7 for their Utility as Genetic Markers in the Genotyping of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Introduction: Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a severe symptom of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection that often affects individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and can be fatal. T.

Antibodies against native proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can detect pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Accurate point-of-care testing (POCT) is critical for managing tuberculosis (TB). However, current antibody-based diagnosis shows low specificity and sensitivity. To find proper antigen candidates for TB diagnosis by antibodies, we assessed IgGs responsiveness to Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins in pulmonary TB (PTB) patients.

Genetic diversity and relationship among Indonesian local sheep breeds on Java Island based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences.

Background: The cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene is one of the most studied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes to determine sheep's genetic profile. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and relationships of several Indonesian local sheep populations on Java Island, Indonesia, based on the mtDNA Cyt b gene sequences. Blood samples were collected from forty-one individual sheep in seven populations of Indonesia local sheep breeds on Java Island (Priangan = 6, Garut = 6, Batur = 7, Wonosobo = 5, Javanese Thin-Tailed/JTT = 7, Javanese Fat-Tailed/JFT = 5, and Sapudi = 5).

Genetic variability of the prion protein gene in Indonesian goat breeds.

Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep and goats. Resistance or susceptibility of small ruminants to classical scrapie is influenced by polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP). PRNP variability in Indonesian indigenous goat breeds has not been investigated so far and therefore was the goal of this study.

Microbiome in sputum as a potential biomarker of chronicity in pulmonary resistant to rifampicin-tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis patients.

Background: Cases of tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in South-east Asia including Indonesia are still high. The presence of mixed infections in TB cases has been reported. Several studies revealed the role of the human microbiome in TB.

A POTENTIAL ZOONOTIC PARASITE: TRANSMISSION IN RATS, PIGS AND HUMANS IN WEST LOMBOK, INDONESIA.

Background: is a neglected zoonotic disease, but with the expansion of the human community into the animal environment, its incidence is increasing. Animals such as rats and pigs can act as intermediate hosts and transmit to humans due to their proximity. Transmission occurs due to the ability of to survive in any new host.

The genetic profiles and maternal origin of local sheep breeds on Java Island (Indonesia) based on complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences.

Background And Aim: Java Island is one of the islands in Indonesia which has local sheep breeds with specific characteristics and native development geography in certain regions. This study aimed to determine the genetic profiles and maternal origin of six local sheep breeds on Java Island.

Materials And Methods: This study was conducted by identifying the profiles of complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement loop (D-loop) region sequences on a total of 22 individual in six local sheep breeds on Java Island, including Javanese thin-tailed (JTT), Javanese Fat-Tailed (JFT), Batur (BTR), Wonosobo (WSB), Garut (GRT), and Priangan (PRG) sheep.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors on Utilizing Mobile Health Technology for TB in Indonesia: A Qualitative Pilot Study.

Tuberculosis (TB) infections remain a global health burden with a high incidence rate in South-East Asia, including Indonesia. TB control strategy is founded on early case detection and complete treatment to minimize transmission and prevent the emergence of drug resistance. However, many patients face challenges to comply with daily medication, causing many to adhere inconsistently or stop prematurely.

Gene expression tryptophan aspartate coat protein in determining latent tuberculosis infection using immunocytochemistry and real time polimerase chain reaction.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problem of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) is increasing in number especially in countries with high TB incidence rate, such as Indonesia. Although not every LTBI will become active TB, if untreated and not handled appropriately it can still be a source of transmission and may increase the rate of resistance to the first-line TB drugs.

Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of Indonesian indigenous catfish based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene.

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic reconstruction of Indonesian indigenous catfish using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III sequences.

Materials And Methods: A total of 19 samples of catfish were collected from seven rivers (Elo [EM], Progo [PM], Kampar [KR], Musi [MP], Mahakam [MS], Kapuas [KS], and Bengawan Solo [BSBJ]) in five different geographical locations in Indonesia. The genome was isolated from the tissue.

Characteristic profile of antibody responses to PPD, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary tuberculosis suspected cases in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Accurate and rapid diagnostic tools are important aspects of managing tuberculosis (TB) cases appropriately. However, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic kits based on immune response such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) are still debated. Thus, the exploration and assessment of specific biomarker-targeted antibodies are needed for the development of an accurate and rapid diagnostic tool.

EXPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN, GRANZYME-B AND PERFORIN AGAINST Ag85A AND Ag85B PROTEINS OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN BALB/C MICE.

Background: Ag85 is a protein that may maintain survival of M. tuberculosis in intracellular parts of host cells and is considered as a virulence factor. The expression of Ag85 protein can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B- cells and T-cells in patients with tuberculosis.

SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS REFERRED TO GRHASIA PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA.

Background: Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasite called . is an intracellular protozoan parasite belong to phylum Apicomplexa, is an obligate parasite in mammals. The active proliferating trophozoites or tachyzoites are usually seen in the acute stage of infection, while the resting bradyzoites formed tissue cysts are primary found in muscle and brain.

Regulatory elements of stx2 gene and the expression level of Shiga-like toxin 2 in Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Background/purpose: Shiga-like toxin (Stx) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and is responsible for some severe complications. Stx2 is usually associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Its expression is regulated by elements located upstream of the stx2 gene, including stx2-promoter sequence, ribosome binding site, and the antiterminator q gene.