Opportunities and challenges in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils by using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.): a critical review.

The successful phytoextraction of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from polluted soils can be achieved by growing non-food and industrial crops. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the main industrial crops and is widely grown in many countries.

Split application of silicon in cadmium (Cd) spiked alkaline soil plays a vital role in decreasing Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains.

Food contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a serious health threat to humans worldwide and Cd accumulation by rice is a major source of Cd entrance to the food chain. Silicon (Si) application decreases the Cd content in rice but the timing of Si application may need further investigation. The present study investigated the effect of split application of Si in the soil (600 kg/ha of Si) at different growth stages of rice on the growth and Cd accumulation by rice under Cd stress.