Resting and activated bovine neutrophils and eosinophils differ in their responses to adrenergic agonists.

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) provide a rapid response to infection and tissue damage and stress can modify these critical innate immune defences. The study of adrenergic receptor (AR) expression and function in bovine PMNs is limited but both neutrophils and eosinophils express numerous AR genes but differ significantly in their expression of individual AR genes. A flow cytometric technique was developed to differentiate between bovine neutrophils and eosinophils so both neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists could be analysed.

The role of melatonin in preventing amiodarone-induced rat liver damage.

Long-term exposure to amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, can induce different organ damage, including liver. Cell damage included by amiodarone is a consequence of mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species production, and cell energy depletion leading to programmed cell death. In the present study, hepatoprotective potential of neurohormone melatonin (50 mg/kg/day) was evaluated in a chronic experimental model of liver damage induced by a 4-week application of amiodarone (70 mg/kg/day).

Isolation and characterization of eosinophils in bovine blood and small intestine.

An effective method to isolate functional eosinophils from blood and tissues is required to analyze the multiple roles eosinophils play in innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Highspeed cell sorting was used to isolate bovine eosinophils from blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and from small intestine intraepithelial leukocytes. Eosinophils and neutrophils were purified from bovine blood with highspeed cell sorting after gating on autofluorescence (FL1) high and low PMN subpopulations.

Adrenergic receptor gene expression in bovine leukocytes.

The α- and β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) bind the stress hormones epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine and activate diverse physiological responses. A lack of information on AR gene expression in leukocytes limits our understanding of how stress alters immune function. Quantitative analyses of AR gene expression was completed for bovine leukocytes.

Effect of maternal separation and transportation stress on the bovine upper respiratory tract microbiome and the immune response to resident opportunistic pathogens.

Background: The bovine upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome includes opportunistic pathogens that cause respiratory disease and stress associated with maternal separation and transportation contributes to the severity of this respiratory disease. Stress is known to alter the gut microbiome but little is known regarding the effect of stress on the URT microbiota. This study used six-month old suckling beef calves to investigate whether maternal separation (weaned), by itself or combined with transportation (weaned + transport), altered the URT microbiome and host immune responses to resident opportunistic pathogens.

Δ133p53β isoform pro-invasive activity is regulated through an aggregation-dependent mechanism in cancer cells.

The p53 isoform, Δ133p53β, is critical in promoting cancer. Here we report that Δ133p53β activity is regulated through an aggregation-dependent mechanism. Δ133p53β aggregates were observed in cancer cells and tumour biopsies.

PCIP-seq: simultaneous sequencing of integrated viral genomes and their insertion sites with long reads.

The integration of a viral genome into the host genome has a major impact on the trajectory of the infected cell. Integration location and variation within the associated viral genome can influence both clonal expansion and persistence of infected cells. Methods based on short-read sequencing can identify viral insertion sites, but the sequence of the viral genomes within remains unobserved.

A Bovine Enteric Infection Model to Analyze Parenteral Vaccine-Induced Mucosal Immunity and Accelerate Vaccine Discovery.

Mycobacterial diseases of cattle are responsible for considerable production losses worldwide. In addition to their importance in animals, these infections offer a nuanced approach to understanding persistent mycobacterial infection in native host species. ssp.

Bovine Adenovirus-3 Tropism for Bovine Leukocyte Sub-Populations.

A number of characteristics including lack of virulence and the ability to grow to high titers, have made bovine adenovirus-3 (BAdV-3) a vector of choice for further development as a vaccine-delivery vehicle for cattle. Despite the importance of blood leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DC), in the induction of protective immune responses, little is known about the interaction between BAdV-3 and bovine blood leukocytes. Here, we demonstrate that compared to other leukocytes, bovine blood monocytes and neutrophils are significantly transduced by BAdV404a (BAdV-3, expressing enhanced yellow green fluorescent protein [EYFP]) at a MOI of 1-5 without a significant difference in the mean fluorescence of EYFP expression.

An Improved Sequencing-Based Bioinformatics Pipeline to Track the Distribution and Clonal Architecture of Proviral Integration Sites.

The combined application of linear amplification-mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) protocols with next-generation sequencing (NGS) has had a large impact on our understanding of retroviral pathogenesis. Previously, considerable effort has been expended to optimize NGS methods to explore the genome-wide distribution of proviral integration sites and the clonal architecture of clinically important retroviruses like human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). Once sequencing data are generated, the application of rigorous bioinformatics analysis is central to the biological interpretation of the data.

Immune memory induced by intranasal vaccination with a modified-live viral vaccine delivered to colostrum fed neonatal calves.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a major health problem despite extensive use of vaccines during the post-weaning period. Apparent vaccine failure is attributed, in part, to primary vaccination during the period of greatest risk for BRD, providing inadequate time for onset of protective immunity. The current study investigated whether intranasal (IN) vaccination of 3-6 week old calves with a modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine induced sufficient immune memory to prevent respiratory disease and accelerate onset of protective immunity 5 months later.

∆133p53 isoform promotes tumour invasion and metastasis via interleukin-6 activation of JAK-STAT and RhoA-ROCK signalling.

∆122p53 mice (a model of ∆133p53 isoform) are tumour-prone, have extensive inflammation and elevated serum IL-6. To investigate the role of IL-6 we crossed ∆122p53 mice with IL-6 null mice. Here we show that loss of IL-6 reduced JAK-STAT signalling, tumour incidence and metastasis.

Cis-perturbation of cancer drivers by the HTLV-1/BLV proviruses is an early determinant of leukemogenesis.

Human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infect T- and B-lymphocytes, respectively, provoking a polyclonal expansion that will evolve into an aggressive monoclonal leukaemia in ∼5% of individuals following a protracted latency period. It is generally assumed that early oncogenic changes are largely dependent on virus-encoded products, especially TAX and HBZ, while progression to acute leukaemia/lymphoma involves somatic mutations, yet that both are independent of proviral integration site that has been found to be very variable between tumours. Here, we show that HTLV-1/BLV proviruses are integrated near cancer drivers which they affect either by provirus-dependent transcription termination or as a result of viral antisense RNA-dependent cis-perturbation.

Correction: The p53 isoform delta133p53ß regulates cancer cell apoptosis in a RhoB-dependent manner.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

The p53 isoform delta133p53ß regulates cancer cell apoptosis in a RhoB-dependent manner.

The TP53 gene plays essential roles in cancer. Conventionally, wild type (WT) p53 is thought to prevent cancer development and metastasis formation, while mutant p53 has transforming abilities. However, clinical studies failed to establish p53 mutation status as an unequivocal predictive or prognostic factor of cancer progression.

Thermal sensation prediction by soft computing methodology.

Thermal comfort in open urban areas is very factor based on environmental point of view. Therefore it is need to fulfill demands for suitable thermal comfort during urban planning and design. Thermal comfort can be modeled based on climatic parameters and other factors.

drives invasion through expression of its Δ133p53β variant.

is conventionally thought to prevent cancer formation and progression to metastasis, while mutant has transforming activities. However, in the clinic, mutation status does not accurately predict cancer progression. Here we report, based on clinical analysis corroborated with experimental data, that the p53 isoform Δ133p53β promotes cancer cell invasion, regardless of mutation status.

Characterization of novel Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) antisense transcripts by deep sequencing reveals constitutive expression in tumors and transcriptional interaction with viral microRNAs.

Background: Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus closely related to the Human T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1). Cattle are the natural host of BLV where it integrates into B-cells, producing a lifelong infection. Most infected animals remain asymptomatic but following a protracted latency period about 5 % develop an aggressive leukemia/lymphoma, mirroring the disease trajectory of HTLV-1.

The p53 isoform Δ133p53β promotes cancer stem cell potential.

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are responsible for cancer chemoresistance and metastasis formation. Here we report that Δ133p53β, a TP53 splice variant, enhanced cancer cell stemness in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, while its depletion reduced it. Δ133p53β stimulated the expression of the key pluripotency factors SOX2, OCT3/4, and NANOG.

Two functionally distinct myeloid dendritic cell subpopulations are present in bovine blood.

Immature myeloid (m)DCs circulating in the blood of cattle have been defined as lineage negative (Lin(-))MHCII(+)CD11c(+)CD205(+) cells. Lin(-)MHCII(+)CD11c(+)CD205(+) mDCs (0.2% blood mononuclear cells) isolated from bovine blood were heterogeneous in cell size and CD205 expression.

Innate and adaptive immune response to pneumonia virus of mice in a resistant and a susceptible mouse strain.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infant bronchiolitis. The closely related pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) causes a similar immune-mediated disease in mice, which allows an analysis of host factors that lead to severe illness. This project was designed to compare the immune responses to lethal and sublethal doses of PVM strain 15 in Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice.

Cyclin A2: a genuine cell cycle regulator?

Abstract Cyclin A2 belongs to the core cell cycle regulators and participates in the control of both S phase and mitosis. However, several observations suggest that it is also endowed with other functions, and our recent data shed light on its involvement in cytoskeleton dynamic and cell motility. From the transcription of its gene to its posttranslational modifications, cyclin A2 regulation reveals the complexity of the regulatory network shaping cell cycle progression.

Cyclin A2, Rho GTPases and EMT.

Cell cycle regulators, such as cyclins, are often upregulated in many proliferative disorders, and Cyclin A2 is generally considered as a marker of aggressive cancers. Our recent work, which revealed decreased expression of Cyclin A2 upon metastasis of colorectal cancer, suggests a more complicated situation. Consistent with this, we identified a role for Cyclin A2, via RhoA, in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the control of cell invasion.

Interferon-gamma and B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF) promote bovine B cell activation independent of TLR9 and T-cell signaling.

We previously reported that CD21(+) B cells purified from bovine blood do not respond to CpG-ODN stimulation unless either CD14(+) monocytes or B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF), a cytokine produced by activated monocytes, are present. In this report, we present evidence that CD14(+) monocytes are critical for CpG-specific lymphocyte proliferation within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population but that this response is not mediated by soluble factors produced by CpG-activated monocytes. We further determine that bovine monocytes stimulated with IFN-γ induce expression of the BAFF gene and that recombinant IFN-γ and BAFF induced robust B cell activation when cultured in the absence of CpG ODN.

A novel function for Cyclin A2: control of cell invasion via RhoA signaling.

Cyclin A2 plays a key role in cell cycle regulation. It is essential in embryonic cells and in the hematopoietic lineage yet dispensable in fibroblasts. In this paper, we demonstrate that Cyclin A2-depleted cells display a cortical distribution of actin filaments and increased migration.