Effect of GSTM2-5 polymorphisms in relation to tobacco smoke exposures on lung function growth: a birth cohort study.

Background: Genetic variation within GSTM2-5 genes may interfere with detoxification of environmental compounds, thereby having a detrimental effect on lung function following exposures such as tobacco smoke. We aim to investigate the influence of variants and associated methylation in the GSTM gene cluster with changes in lung function growth during adolescence.

Methods: Growth in forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and change in FEV1/FVC ratio measures were obtained from children in the Isle of Wight birth cohort at ages 10 and 18.

Epidemiologic methods of assessing asthma and wheezing episodes in longitudinal studies: measures of change and stability.

Background: In settings in which diseases wax and wane, there is a need to measure disease dynamics in longitudinal studies. Traditional measures of disease occurrence (eg, cumulative incidence) do not address change or stability or are limited to stable cohorts (eg, incidence) and may thus lead to erroneous conclusions. To illustrate how different measures can be used to detect disease dynamics, we investigated sex differences in the occurrence of asthma and wheezing, using a population-based study cohort that covered the first 18 years of life.

Second-generation surveillance for HIV/AIDS in Pakistan: results from the 4th round of Integrated Behavior and Biological Survey 2011-2012.

Objectives: In an effort to fully analyse and understand the HIV situation and its epidemiology in Pakistan, a bilateral collaboration between the National AIDS Control Program and the Canadian International Development Agency resulted in the establishment of an effective second-generation surveillance (SGS) system for HIV/AIDS between 2004 and 2012 in accordance with the published guidelines. This paper presents findings from the 4th round of SGS.

Methods: A mapping exercise was initially conducted for size estimations of the key vulnerable populations: people who inject drugs (PWIDs), male sex workers (MSWs), hijra sex workers (HSWs), and female sex workers (FSWs), followed by an Integrated Behavioral and Biological Surveillance in 20 selected cities across Pakistan.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis complicated by subdural hematomas: Case series and literature review.

Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) can cause elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhagic venous infarct, and cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage. We present a case series and literature review to illustrate that CVST can also present with subdural hematoma (SDH).

Case Description: Chart review was completed on a retrospective case series of CVST with spontaneous SDH.

Interactive effect of STAT6 and IL13 gene polymorphisms on eczema status: results from a longitudinal and a cross-sectional study.

Background: Eczema is a prevalent skin disease that is mainly characterized by systemic deviation of immune response and defective epidermal barrier. Th2 cytokines, such as IL-13 and transcription factor STAT6 are key elements in the inflammatory response that characterize allergic disorders, including eczema. Previous genetic association studies showed inconsistent results for the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with eczema.

6-(4-Methyl-phen-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-di-amine-4-methyl-benzoic acid (1/1).

The 4-methyl-benzoic acid mol-ecule of the title adduct, C10H11N5·C8H8O2, is approximately planar with a dihedral angle of 6.3 (2)° between the carb-oxy-lic acid group and the benzene ring. In the triazine mol-ecule, the plane of the triazine ring makes a dihedral angle of 29.

N-[(2,6-Di-ethyl-phen-yl)carbamo-thio-yl]-2,2-di-phenyl-acetamide.

In the title compound, C25H26N2OS, the diethyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 67.38 (9) and 55.32 (9)° with the terminal benzene rings.

5-Amino-6-methyl-quinolin-1-ium 3-carb-oxy-propano-ate.

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C10H11N2 (+)·C4H5O4 (-), consists of two independent 5-amino-6-methyl-quinolin-1-ium cations and two 3-carb-oxy-propano-ate anions. Both cations are protonated at the pyridine N atoms and are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.026 (3) and 0.

2-Amino-5-bromo-pyridinium 5-chloro-2-hy-droxy-benzoate.

In the 5-chloro-salicylate anion of the title salt, C5H6BrN2 (+)·C7H4ClO3 (-), an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) graph-set motif is formed, so that the anion is essentially planar with a dihedral angle of 1.3 (5)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif.

5-Amino-6-methyl-quinolin-1-ium hydrogen malonate-malonic acid (2/1).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C10H11N2(+)·2C3H3O4(-)·C3H4O4, consists of one 5-amino-6-methyl-quinolin-1-ium cation, one hydrogen malonate (2-carb-oxy-acetate) anion and one-half mol-ecule of malonic acid which lies on a twofold rotation axis. The quinoline ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.062 (2) Å for all non-H atoms.

2-Amino-6-methyl-pyridinium 3-chloro-benzoate.

In the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C7H4ClO2(-), the 3-chloro-benzoate anion shows a whole-mol-ecule disorder over two positions with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.505 (4):0.495 (4).

2-Amino-5-methyl-pyridinium 4-methyl-benzoate.

The 4-methyl-benzoate anion of the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C8H7O2(-), is nearly planar, with a dihedral angle of 6.26 (10)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R2(2)(8) ring motif, forming an approximately planar ion pair with a dihedral angle of 9.

2,3-Diamino-pyridinium hydrogen malonate.

In the title mol-ecular salt, C5H8N3(+)·C3H3O4(-), the cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.005 (1) Å for all non-H atoms. In the anion, an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring.

8-Hy-droxy-5,7-dimethyl-quinolin-1-ium chloride dihydrate.

In the title hydrated salt, C11H12NO(+)·Cl(-)·2H2O, the quinoline ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.005 (1) Å for all non-H atoms. In the crystal, the three components are linked by O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯Cl and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer structure parallel to the ac plane.

8-Hy-droxy-5,7-dimethyl-quinolin-1-ium hydrogen sulfate.

The quinoline ring system of the title salt, C11H12NO(+)·HSO4(-), is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.054 (2) Å for all non H atoms. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and are stacked respectively in columns along the a axis.

2-Amino-5-methyl-pyridinium 4-chloro-benzoate.

The 4-chloro-benzoate anion of the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C7H4ClO2(-), is nearly planar with a dihedral angle of 5.14 (16)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R2(2)(8) ring motif.

2-Amino-5-methyl-pyridinium 2-hy-droxy-5-chloro-benzoate.

In the 5-chloro-salicylate anion of the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C7H4ClO3(-), an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) graph-set motif is observed and the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the -CO2 group is 1.6 (6)°. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an R2(2)(8) ring motif.

2,3-Diamino-pyridinium 4-meth-oxy-quinoline-2-carboxyl-ate.

In the 4-meth-oxy-quinoline-2-carboxyl-ate anion of the title salt, C5H8N3(+)·C11H8NO3(-), the dihedral angle between the quinoline ring system and the carboxyl-ate group is 16.54 (15)°. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric 2 + 2 aggregate with R2(2)(9) and R4(2)(8) ring motifs.

2,6-Diamino-4-chloro-pyrimidine-benzoic acid (1/1).

The benzoic acid mol-ecule of the title compound, C4H5ClN4·C7H6O2, is approximately planar, with a dihedral angle of 1.28 (9)° between the carb-oxy group and the benzene ring. In the crystal, two acid and two base mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric 2 + 2 unit with R2(2)(8) and R4(2)(8) motifs.

4,6-Dimeth-oxy-2-(methyl-sulfan-yl)pyrimidine-4-hy-droxy-benzoic acid (1/1).

The base mol-ecule of the title co-crystal, C7H10N2O2S·C7H6O3, is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0806 (14) Å for all non-H atoms. The acid mol-ecule is also nearly planar, with a dihedral angle of 8.

4-Chloro-6-meth-oxy-pyrimidin-2-amine-succinic acid (2/1).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C5H6ClN3O·C4H6O4, consists of one 4-chloro-6-meth-oxy-pyrimidin-2-amine mol-ecule and one half-mol-ecule of succinic acid which lies about an inversion centre. In the crystal, the acid and base mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a tape along [1-10] in which R2(2)(8) and R4(2)(8) hydrogen-bond motifs are observed. The tapes are further inter-linked through a pair of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a sheet parallel to (11-2).

Bis(2,6-diamino-4-chloro-pyrimidin-1-ium) fumarate.

In the title salt, 2C4H6ClN4(+)·C4H2O4(2-), the complete fumarate dianion is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.018 (1) Å.

2-Amino-5-methyl-pyridinium trifluoro-acetate.

In the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C2F3O2(-), the F atoms of the anion are disordered over two sets of sites, with refined occupancies in a ratio of 0.505 (17):0.495 (17).

4-Chloro-6-meth-oxy-pyrimidin-2-amine.

The title compound, C5H6ClN3O, is essentially planar with a maximum deviation of 0.0256 (11) Å for all non-H atoms. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked by a pair of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion dimer with an R2(2)(8) ring motif.