Publications by authors named "Arshad Nawaz Malik"

Objective: To determine the effects of multifactorial inspiratory muscle training (IMT) combined with Otago Exercise Programme (OEP) on balance and quality of life (QoL) in patients with diabetes.

Methods: Pretest-post-test randomised controlled trial.

Setting: Rehabilitation Department of Pakistan Railway General Hospital.

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Mobile Health (mHealth) applications are transforming stroke rehabilitation, through personalized care and datadriven insights. These applications employ AI-driven algorithms, tele-rehabilitation, wearable technologies, and gamification to enhance recovery process. The objective of this mini review is to explore the transformative role of Mobile Health (mHealth) applications in stroke rehabilitation, highlighting its capacity to transcend geographical barriers and establish extensive support networks connecting stroke survivors, caregivers, and healthcare professionals.

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Article Synopsis
  • Diabetic polyneuropathy is a complication of diabetes affecting mobility and lung function; this study examines how Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) can help.
  • It involved 62 patients who were randomly assigned to either an IMT or sham-IMT group, both doing OTAGO exercises for 12 weeks, with different intensities of IMT.
  • Results showed that the IMT group had significant improvements in diaphragmatic strength, lung function, and overall physical performance compared to the sham-IMT group, suggesting IMT may be beneficial for these patients.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nonimmersive virtual reality (VR) and task-oriented circuit training on gait, balance, cognitive domains, and quality of life among the elderly population. This is a single-blind randomized control trial in which 28 elderly individuals between 60 and 75 years were selected. The participants were divided into two groups, task-oriented circuit training and the other receiving nonimmersive VR treatment, with 14 participants in each group.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single session of trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum and M1 has any advantages over one another or sham stimulation in terms of balance, gait and lower limb function.

Methods: A total of 66 patients who had experienced their first ever stroke were recruited into three groups for this double-blinded, parallel, randomized, sham-controlled trial: cerebellar stimulation group (CbSG), M1 stimulation group (MSG) and sham stimulation group (SSG). A single session of anodal tDCS with an intensity of 2 mA for a duration of 20 min was administered in addition to gait and balance training based on virtual reality using an Xbox 360 with Kinect.

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The primary aim of this review was to determine the effects of CIMT (constraint-induced movement therapy) on gait, balance, and motor functions of the lower extremity in stroke. The secondary aim was to determine the optimal dosage, application time, and duration of CIMT in the lower extremity in stroke. PubMed (1999-July 2021), Pedro (2000-December 2020), Google Scholar (1999-Febraury 2022), and Cochrane Library (2000-Febraury 2022) were searched in February 2022.

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Stroke is the leading global cause of death and disability and the need for stroke rehabilitation services in increasing. The usual stroke rehabilitation protocol involves a combination of therapeutic exercises, occupational therapy, speech therapy and counselling sessions depending upon the severity of the deficit and associated co-morbidities. However, there is a need for better protocols and new therapies for improving outcomes after stroke rehabilitation.

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The study aimed to explore the association between hip flexors tightness and lumbar instability in adults. The study design was correlational and 64 subjects of both genders (male and female) with age range from 20 to 50 years were selected with a history of low back pain (LBP) with or without referred pain. Two examiners were assigned for application of the Modified Thomas Test (MTT) for hip flexors tightness and lumbar prone Instability Test (LPIT) and Prone Lumbar Extension Tests (PLET) for lumbar instabilities.

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Physical inactivity is known to be as performing less than 150 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. It poses a substantial risk for not only non-communicable, chronic diseases such as stroke, diabetes etc. but also contributes to the global mortality.

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Introduction: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been widely used in both healthy and diseased populations especially in older adults, and its effects have been proven not only on inspiratory muscle strength but also on dyspnea, exercise capacity, quality of life, and other health parameters.

Aim: This study aims to review the effects of IMT on balance and functional ability of healthy and diseased populations.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL).

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Dysphagia defined as difficulty in swallowing, can result from multiple causes including, Stroke, head injury, Alzheimer, Dementia, Muscular dystrophy, Cerebral Palsy etc. It is associated with neuro-muscular impairments in different age groups. VitalStim® therapy is a relatively new approach to treat dysphagia.

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To determine the effects of virtual reality training using Xbox Kinect on balance, postural control, and functional independence in subjects with stroke. The parallel double-blind randomized control trial was conducted on 41 individuals based on selection criteria. Participants were divided into two groups by concealed envelope method.

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Objective: To compare the effects of Same Arm Movement Therapy versus Constraint Induced Movement Therapy in improving upper-limb functions in patients of chronic stroke.

Methods: The pilot, assessor-blind, randomised control trial was conducted from February to September 2020 at the Spine and Physiotherapy Rehab Centre, Riphah Rehabilitation Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised patients of either gender aged 30-60 years having any type of stroke for a minimum 3 months. They were randomised into group A which received same arm movement therapy for 8 weeks of mental rehearsal of upper limb movements during 45min supervised sessions three times a week and structured independent sessions twice a week, and group B which received constrain induced movement therapy for eight weeks of daily intensive training of the affected extremity for two hours per day, five days per week for eight weeks in association with restriction of the non-affected extremity for 10 hours a day.

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Stroke is the 2nd leading cause of death globally after ischaemic heart disease and is expected to rise more by 2030. The estimated incidence of stroke in Pakistan is about 250/100,000 individuals. Difficulty in walking is present in approximately 80% of stroke survivors.

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Objective: To determine the correlation of muscle length and muscle strength with balance and functional status among children with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 2021 at the Physical Therapy Department of Chal Foundation and Fatima Physiotherapy Centre, Swabi, Pakistan, and comprised children aged 4-12 years with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy. The strength of back and lower limb muscles was assessed through manual muscles testing.

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Background: Balance and gait impairments are major motor deficits in stroke patients that require intensive neuro-rehabilitation. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation is a neuro-modulatory technique recently used in stroke patients for balance and gait improvement. Majority of studies focusing on tDCS have assessed its effects on cerebral motor cortex and more recently cerebellum as well but to our best knowledge the comparison of stimulating these two regions in stroke patients is not investigated so far.

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The 6-min walk test (6MWT) and incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) are widely used measures of exercise tolerance, which depict favorable performance characteristics in a variety of cardiac and pulmonary conditions. Both tests are valid and reliable method of assessing functional ability in cardiac rehabilitation population. Several studies have calculated the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of these exercise tests in different populations.

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Early, coordinated, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation plays a major part in motor recovery after stroke. The conventional stroke rehabilitation primarily includes physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. However, with these conventional methods, many stroke survivors still have a residual functional disability which impairs their ability to perform activities of daily living.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of task-oriented training and to compare it with virtual reality training on the mobility, physical performance and balance in stroke patients.

Methods: The randomised controlled trial was conducted from January 2016 to March 2017 at the Physical Rehabilitation Department of Pakistan Railways General Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and comprised patients 40-70 years with stroke history of at least 3 months who had the ability to stand unaided. The subjects were randomised into virtual reality training group A and task-oriented training group B.

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Virtual reality (VR) uses computer-generated simulations to create a virtual environment for users which appears, sounds, and feels like real-life objects and events. The use of VR in rehabilitation is relatively new and has demonstrated to be an effective tool in achieving desired clinical outcomes by active engagement of participants. Over the past few years, the use of VR in rehabilitation has rapidly increased because of its advantages over traditional rehabilitation techniques.

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Background: The objective of the current study is to evaluate the effects of phantom exercises on phantom limb pain, mobility status, and quality of life in lower limb amputees treated with mirror therapy and routine physiotherapy.

Methods: It is a randomized controlled trial in which 24 unilateral lower limb amputees (above and below the knee) were randomly assigned to two equal groups i.e.

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The current study evaluated the effect of virtual reality based balance training in 30 stroke patients recruited via purposive sampling technique for a clinical trial. Sealed envelope method was used to randomly allocate patients into two groups, i.e.

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Article Synopsis
  • - The Editorial Board of the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association points out significant flaws in a previously published pilot study on exercise effects in gestational diabetes, highlighting issues with study design and statistical methods.
  • - Key concerns include the lack of discussion on study feasibility, inadequate statistical analysis that neglected baseline data, and an unjustified conclusion drawn from a very small sample size.
  • - The board emphasizes the need for improved scientific rigor in future research to provide better guidance for conducting full-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this area.
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Stroke, a neurological disorder, leads to long-term disability thereby greatly affecting gait and mobility. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training in both acute and chronic stroke patients. A quasi interventional study was designed and 46 stroke patients were recruited through convenience sampling technique.

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