The identification and classification of struggling readers based on the simple view of reading.

The simple view of reading (SVR) predicts that reading difficulties can result from decoding difficulties, language comprehension difficulties, or a combination of these difficulties. However, classification studies have identified a fourth group of children whose reading difficulties are unexplained by the model. This may be due to the type of classification model used.

A better start literacy approach: effectiveness of Tier 1 and Tier 2 support within a response to teaching framework.

The Better Start Literacy Approach (BSLA) is a strengths-based approach to supporting children's literacy learning in their first year of school. Previous research has shown the approach is effective at accelerating foundational literacy knowledge in children with lower levels of oral language. This study examined the impact of the BSLA for children with varied language profiles and across schools from diverse socioeconomic communities.

Explicit linguistic knowledge is necessary, but not sufficient, for the provision of explicit early literacy instruction.

Teacher's knowledge can influence the act of teaching and affect children's learning outcomes. Linguistic and language knowledge of teachers plays an important role in supporting learners at the beginning to read stage. This study examines the language and linguistic knowledge of teachers of beginning readers in New Zealand, how these teachers perceive their own practices in teaching reading, and the relationship with the nature of observed instructional practices.

Preservice teacher knowledge of basic language constructs in Canada, England, New Zealand, and the USA.

The present study examined preservice teachers' (PSTs) knowledge of basic language constructs across four different English-speaking teacher preparations programs. A standardized survey was administered to participants from Canada (n = 80), England (n = 55), New Zealand (n = 26), and the USA (n = 118). All participants were enrolled in undergraduate university programs that led to teacher certification for general education in the primary grades.

Biosensor detection of triplex formation by modified oligonucleotides.

Due to the instability of DNA oligonucleotides in biological solutions, antisense or antigene therapies aimed at modulation of specific gene expression will most likely require the use of oligonucleotides with modified backbones. Here, we examine the use of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor (BIAcore) to compare triplex-directed binding of modified oligonucleotides targeted to a region of the murine c-myc promoter. We describe optimization of experimental conditions to minimize nonspecific interactions between the oligonucleotides and the sensor chip surface, and the limitations imposed by certain backbones and sequence types.

Streptomycin accumulation by Bacillus subtilis requires both a membrane potential and cytochrome aa3.

Cytochrome aa3 concentrations in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis were altered by growth conditions, and the effects on the membrane potential (delta psi) in whole cells were measured. When cytochrome aa3 was absent, the magnitude of delta psi was not diminished by comparison with the delta psi measured in cells containing normal cytochrome aa3 concentrations. In addition, the energy-dependent uptake of proline and glutamate was comparable at both cytochrome aa3 concentrations.

An early decrease in phosphatidylinositol turnover occurs on induction of Friend cell differentiation and precedes the decrease in c-myc expression.

Phosphatidylinositol turnover has recently been implicated in the regulation of proliferation and transformation. Its role in differentiation has now been investigated using Friend erythroleukemia cells, which can be induced to differentiate along the erythroid pathway by dimethylsulfoxide and certain other agents. We have found that levels of the phosphatidylinositol metabolites inositol-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol significantly decrease within 2 hr of induction of Friend cell differentiation.