Economic Impact Associated with Patients with Overactive Bladder on Drug Treatment with Mirabegron or Antimuscarinics in Spain.

Objective: To assess the economic impact associated with overactive bladder (OAB) patients, treated with mirabegron or antimuscarinics (AM) in Spain, over a 12-month period.

Methods: A probabilistic model (second-order Monte Carlo simulation) was used in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients with OAB and a time horizon of 12 months. The use of resources was obtained from the retrospective observational study MIRACAT that included 3330 patients with OAB.

Auxin involvement in tepal senescence and abscission in Lilium: a tale of two lilies.

Petal wilting and/or abscission terminates the life of the flower. However, how wilting and abscission are coordinated is not fully understood. There is wide variation in the extent to which petals wilt before abscission, even between cultivars of the same species.

Hormonal regulation of leaf senescence in Lilium.

In addition to floral senescence and longevity, the control of leaf senescence is a major factor determining the quality of several cut flowers, including Lilium, in the commercial market. To better understand the physiological process underlying leaf senescence in this species, we evaluated: (i) endogenous variation in the levels of phytohormones during leaf senescence, (ii) the effects of leaf darkening in senescence and associated changes in phytohormones, and (iii) the effects of spray applications of abscisic acid (ABA) and pyrabactin on leaf senescence. Results showed that while gibberellin 4 (GA(4)) and salicylic acid (SA) contents decreased, that of ABA increased during the progression of leaf senescence.

Sucrose accelerates flower opening and delays senescence through a hormonal effect in cut lily flowers.

Sugars are generally used to extend the vase life of cut flowers. Such beneficial effects have been associated with an improvement of water relations and an increase in available energy for respiration by floral tissues. In this study we aimed at evaluating to what extent (i) endogenous levels of sugars in outer and inner tepals, androecium and gynoecium are altered during opening and senescence of lily flowers; (ii) sugar levels increase in various floral tissues after sucrose addition to the vase solution; and (iii) sucrose addition alters the hormonal balance of floral tissues.

Hormonal changes during flower development in floral tissues of Lilium.

Much effort has been focussed on better understanding the key signals that modulate floral senescence. Although ethylene is one of the most important regulators of floral senescence in several species, Lilium flowers show low sensitivity to ethylene; thus their senescence may be regulated by other hormones. In this study we have examined how (1) endogenous levels of hormones in various floral tissues (outer and inner tepals, androecium and gynoecium) vary throughout flower development, (2) endogenous levels of hormones in such tissues change in cut versus intact flowers at anthesis, and (3) spray applications of abscisic acid and pyrabactin alter flower longevity.