Individualized Out-of-Pocket Price Estimators for "Shoppable" Surgical Procedures: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of US Hospitals.

Unlabelled: To estimate the nationwide prevalence of individualized out-of-pocket (OOP) price estimators at US hospitals, characterize patterns of inclusion of 14 specified "shoppable" surgical procedures, and determine hospital-level characteristics associated with estimators that include surgical procedures.

Background: Price transparency for shoppable surgical services is a key requirement of several recent federal policies, yet the extent to which hospitals provide online OOP price estimators remains unknown.

Methods: We reviewed a stratified random sample of 485 U.

Youth Perceptions of Juul in the United States.

This mixed-methods cohort study uses responses to text-messaged, open-ended questions to examine US youths’ perceptions of Juul e-cigarettes.