Analysis of fine-scale phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei in relation to regional geography and drug susceptibility in Thailand.

Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is a public health threat. Genomic-epidemiology research on this deadly disease is scarce. We investigated whole-genome sequences of Bp isolates in relation to environmental source and drug susceptibility.

A homogeneous bioluminescent inhibition immunoassay to detect anti-interferon gamma antibodies.

Adult-onset immunodeficiency with antibodies to interferon-γ (AOID with AIGA) is a rare, acquired immunodeficiency causing susceptibility to disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria and other intracellular opportunistic infections. The diagnosis depends on demonstrating the presence of endogenous anti-interferon-γ antibodies (AIGA) that suppress Th1 cell-mediated immunity. Bioluminescent immunoassays are a newly emerging immunoassay format which utilize the action of bioluminescent enzymes on a substrate for specific analyte detection.

One-dose intradermal rabies booster enhances rabies antibody production and avidity maturation.

The incidence of rabies in Thailand reached its peak in 2018 with 18 human deaths. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccination is thus recommended for high-risk populations. WHO has recently recommended that patients who are exposed to a suspected rabid animal and have already been immunized against rabies should receive a 1-site intradermal (ID) injection of 0.

MALDI-TOF MS analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei and closely related species isolated from soils and water in Khon Kaen, Thailand.

Melioidosis is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) acquired from the environment. Conventional identification methods for environmental Bp are challenging due to the presence of closely related species. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is accurate for bacterial identification, but has been little used to identify Bp from environmental samples.

Evaluating anti-GPL-core IgA as a diagnostic tool for non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in Thai patients with high antibody background.

Diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is difficult due to low sensitivity and time-consuming laboratory tests. Current serological assays fail in tropical countries due to high antibody background. This study aimed to investigate an appropriate method for detecting anti-glycopeptidolipid (GPL)-core antibodies to diagnose NTM infection in Thailand.

A two-arm analysis of the immune response to heterologous boosting of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Several vaccine programs were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic, which included inactivated virus, DNA viral vectors and mRNA vaccines. Booster programs are recommended, especially for those in high-risk groups. However, many of these booster programs involve heterologous vaccines.

Vitamin D3 regulates PM-driven primary human neutrophil inflammatory responses.

Recent evidence has demonstrated that both acute and chronic exposure to particulate air pollution are risk factors for respiratory tract infections and increased mortality from sepsis. There is therefore an urgent need to establish the impact of ambient particulate matter (PM) on innate immune cells and to establish potential strategies to mitigate against adverse effects. PM has previously been reported to have potential adverse effects on neutrophil function.

Proteomic Profiles and Protein Network Analysis of Primary Human Leukocytes Revealed Possible Clearance Biomarkers for Staphylococcus aureus Infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is a serious pathogen that can survive within host cells after a typical course of treatment completion, leading to chronic infection. Knowledge of host proteomic patterns after clearance of this pathogen from cells is limited. Here, we looked for S.

Phenotypic and functional changes of T cell subsets after CoronaVac vaccination.

Background: The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major global public health concern and several protective vaccines, or preventive/therapeutic approaches have been developed. Sinovac-CoronaVac, an inactivated whole virus vaccine, can protect against severe COVID-19 disease and hospitalization, but less is known whether it elicits long-term T cell responses and provides prolonged protection.

Methods: This is a longitudinal surveillance study of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG levels, neutralizing antibody levels (NAb), T cell subsets and activation, and memory B cells of 335 participants who received two doses of CoronaVac.

Acinetobacter nosocomialis Causes as Severe Disease as Acinetobacter baumannii in Northeast Thailand: Underestimated Role of A. nosocomialis in Infection.

Infections by Acinetobacter species are recognized as a serious global threat due to causing severe disease and their high levels of antibiotic resistance. Acinetobacter baumannii is the most prevalent pathogen in the genus, but infection by Acinetobacter nosocomialis has been reported widely. Diagnosis of patients with A.

Daily preventive zinc supplementation increases the antibody response against pathogenic Escherichia coli in children with zinc insufficiency: a randomised controlled trial.

Zinc deficiency impairs the antibody-mediated immune response and is common in children from lower-income countries. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different zinc supplementation regimens (7, 10 or 20 mg/day elemental zinc)-therapeutic dispersible zinc tablets (TZ), daily multiple micronutrient powder (MNP), daily preventive zinc tablets (PZ) and placebo powder (control)-and compare between baseline and endline antibody production against pathogenic Escherichia coli in Laotian children (aged 6-23 months). Fifty representative plasma samples of each treatment group were randomly selected from 512 children to determine anti-E.

High rate of reinfection and possible transmission of complex in Northeast Thailand.

The complex (MAC) includes two main species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and These can cause serious disease, especially in immunocompromised patients. Little information is available concerning genetic diversity of NTM. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on a highly discriminative gene set to analyze MAC serially isolated from patients to determine the rate of MAC reinfection.

Evaluation of plasma anti-GPL-core IgA and IgG for diagnosis of disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection.

Detection of IgA antibody against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) glycopeptidolipid (GPL) has recently been shown to improve the diagnosis of MAC pulmonary disease but has yet to be tested in disseminated Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection. In this study, we address the diagnostic efficacies of an anti-GPL-core ELISA kit in disseminated lymphadenopathy patients positive for NTM culture and anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies. The study was conducted in a tertiary referral center in northeastern Thailand and patients with NTM, tuberculosis, melioidosis, and control subjects were enrolled.

Immune responses in beta-thalassaemia: heme oxygenase 1 reduces cytokine production and bactericidal activity of human leucocytes.

Patients with beta-thalassaemia increase the risk of bacterial infections, particularly Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), the causative agent of melioidosis in Thailand. Impaired immune cell functions may be the cause of this susceptibility, but detailed mechanisms have not been defined. In this study, we observed impaired production of IFN-gamma and IL-10 by whole blood from beta-thalassaemia patients upon stimulation with a range of bacteria-derived stimuli.

Diagnosis of NTM active infection in lymphadenopathy patients with anti-interferon-gamma auto-antibody using inhibitory ELISA vs. indirect ELISA.

The anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) autoantibody is a known cause of opportunistic non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection in adults. Diagnosis of those patients is difficult due to the low sensitivity of bacterial culture, and because detection of the neutralizing autoantibody needs special laboratory devices. We conducted a retrospective review of indirect and inhibitory ELISA, both used for detection of anti-IFN-gamma auto-antibody in 102 patients with lymphadenopathies.

Adapting Microarray Gene Expression Signatures for Early Melioidosis Diagnosis.

Melioidosis is caused by and is predominantly seen in tropical regions. The clinical signs and symptoms of the disease are nonspecific and often result in misdiagnosis, failure of treatment, and poor clinical outcome. Septicemia with septic shock is the most common cause of death, with mortality rates above 40%.

Metformin-induced suppression of IFN-α via mTORC1 signalling following seasonal vaccination is associated with impaired antibody responses in type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are at an increased risk of complications following influenza-virus infection, seasonal vaccination (SV) is recommended. However, SV with trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) can induce antibody and type-I interferon (IFN) responses, and the effect of anti-DM treatment on these responses is incompletely understood. We evaluated the antibody response and IFN-α expression in individuals with and without type 2 DM (T2DM) following SV, and examined the effects on anti-DM treatment.

Publisher Correction: A humanized mouse model identifies key amino acids for low immunogenicity of H7N9 vaccines.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Exposure of an occluded hemagglutinin epitope drives selection of a class of cross-protective influenza antibodies.

Germinal center (GC) B cells at viral replication sites acquire specificity to poorly immunogenic but conserved influenza hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes. Here, high-throughput epitope mapping of local GC B cells is used to identify conserved HA epitope selecting cross-reactive antibodies that mediate heterosubtypic protection. A distinct feature of this epitope is an occlusion in the naive trimeric HA structure that is exposed in the post-fusion HA structure to occur under low pH conditions during viral replication.

Intravenous Cyclophosphamide Therapy for Anti-IFN-Gamma Autoantibody-Associated Infection.

Introduction: Anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-) autoantibodies are increasingly recognized as a cause of adult-onset immunodeficiency (AOID) worldwide. These patients are susceptible to various intracellular pathogens especially nontuberculous mycobacteria. Most of the patients have a refractory clinical course.

BPSL1626: Reverse and Structural Vaccinology Reveal a Novel Candidate for Vaccine Design against .

Due to significant advances in computational biology, protein prediction, together with antigen and epitope design, have rapidly moved from conventional methods, based on experimental approaches, to in silico-based bioinformatics methods. In this context, we report a reverse vaccinology study that identified a panel of 104 candidate antigens from the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen , which is responsible for the disease melioidosis. can cause fatal sepsis in endemic populations in the tropical regions of the world and treatment with antibiotics is mostly ineffective.

Immune Control of --Common, High-Frequency T-Cell Responses to a Broad Repertoire of Immunoprevalent Epitopes.

(Bp) is an environmental bacterial pathogen that causes potentially lethal sepsis in susceptible individuals and is considered a Category B, Tier-1 biothreat agent. As such, it is crucial to gain an improved understanding of protective immunity and potential vaccine candidates. The nature of immune correlates dictating why most exposed individuals in endemic regions undergo asymptomatic seroconversion while others succumb to life-threatening sepsis is largely uncharted.

A humanized mouse model identifies key amino acids for low immunogenicity of H7N9 vaccines.

Influenza vaccines of H7N9 subtype are consistently less immunogenic in humans than vaccines developed for other subtypes. Although prior immunoinformatic analysis identified T-cell epitopes in H7 hemagglutinin (HA) which potentially enhance regulatory T cell response due to conservation with the human genome, the links between the T-cell epitopes and low immunogenicity of H7 HA remains unknown due to the lack of animal models reproducing the response observed in humans. Here, we utilized a humanized mouse model to recapitulate the low immunogenicity of H7 HA.

Interleukin 10 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and killing of Burkholderia pseudomallei.

Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in northeastern Thailand and Northern Australia. Severe septicemic melioidosis is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is correlated with poor clinical outcomes. IL-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine, which in other infections can control the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but its role in melioidosis has not been addressed.