Alpha-Delta Ratio for Detection of Cerebral Injury and Stroke in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Introduction: To assess the alpha-delta ratio (ADR) as a biomarker for cerebral injury and stroke in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Methods: Retrospective study of children aged >44 weeks gestation to 21 years monitored with continuous electroencephalography during ECMO. The interhemispheric ADR difference between the left and right hemisphere was calculated per hour.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) Stages in Patients With Cerebral Edema Following Cardiac Arrest.

Objective: To describe electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in pediatric patients with cerebral edema after cardiac arrest.

Methods: A retrospective study of patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from July 2021 to January 2023. We included patients with cardiac arrest and changes in EEG background with clinical changes and/or neuroimaging consistent with cerebral edema.

Ictal-Interictal Continuum in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Background: The ictal-interictal continuum (IIC) consists of several electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns that are common in critically ill adults. Studies focused on the IIC are limited in critically ill children and have focused primarily on associations with electrographic seizures (ESs). We report the incidence of the IIC in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Background EEG Suppression Ratio for Early Detection of Cerebral Injury in Pediatric Cardiac Arrest.

Background: Our objective was to assess the utility of the 1-h suppression ratio (SR) as a biomarker of cerebral injury and neurologic prognosis after cardiac arrest (CA) in the pediatric hospital setting.

Methods: Prospectively, we reviewed data from children presenting after CA and monitored by continuous electroencephalography (cEEG). Patients aged 1 month to 21 years were included.

Neuromonitoring in Children with Cerebrovascular Disorders.

Background: Cerebrovascular disorders are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The acute care of a child with an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or cerebral sinus venous thrombosis focuses on stabilizing the patient, determining the cause of the insult, and preventing secondary injury. Here, we review the use of both invasive and noninvasive neuromonitoring modalities in the care of pediatric patients with arterial ischemic stroke, nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis.

The Spectrum of Quantitative EEG Utilization Across North America: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is commonly used for neuromonitoring in pediatric intensive care units (PICU); however, there are barriers to real-time interpretation of EEG data. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) transforms the EEG signal into time-compressed graphs, which can be displayed at the bedside. A survey was designed to understand current PICU qEEG use.

Continuous Video Electroencephalography (EEG) for Event Characterization in Critically Ill Children.

Objective: To determine features of paroxysmal events and background electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities associated with electroclinical seizures in critically ill children who undergo continuous video EEG to characterize clinical events.

Methods: This is a prospective study of critically ill children from July 2016 to October 2018. Non-neonates with continuous video EEG indication to characterize a clinical event were included.

Quantitative Electroencephalography for Early Detection of Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Critically Ill Children: Case Series and Proposed Protocol.

Objective: To describe quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) suppression ratio in children with increased intracranial pressure comparing acute suppression ratio changes to imaging and/or examination findings.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the suppression ratio from patients with neuroimaging and /or examination findings of increased intracranial pressure while on continuous EEG. The time of the first change in the suppression ratio was compared to the time of the first image and/or examination change confirming increased intracranial pressure.

Sporadic and Periodic Interictal Discharges in Critically Ill Children: Seizure Associations and Time to Seizure Identification.

Purpose: We evaluated interictal discharges (IEDs) as a biomarker for the time to development of electrographic seizures (ES).

Methods: Prospective observational study of 254 critically ill children who underwent continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) monitoring. We excluded neonates and patients with known epilepsy or the sole cEEG indication to characterize events.

Interleukin-6 Blockade With Tocilizumab in Anakinra-Refractory Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES).

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is characterized by new onset refractory status epilepticus in a previously healthy child that is associated with poor cognitive outcomes and chronic epilepsy. Innate immune system dysfunction is hypothesized to be a key etiologic contributor, with a potential role for immunotherapy blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. We present a case of FIRES refractory to anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, subsequently treated with the ketogenic diet and tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, temporally associated with seizure cessation and a favorable 1-year outcome.

Posterior-onset Rasmussen's encephalitis with ipsilateral cerebellar atrophy and uveitis resistant to rituximab.

Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a disorder characterized by drug-resistant seizures and progressive unihemispheric atrophy, hemiparesis, and varying degrees of cognitive decline. The pathophysiology of RE remains elusive, with hypotheses suggesting underlying autoimmune- and T cell-mediated processes. In this case report, we describe a single patient's clinical course from the first day of presentation until definitive treatment for atypical Rasmussen encephalitis at a tertiary care pediatric center.

Electroencephalographic Reporting for Refractory Status Epilepticus.

Purpose: We aimed to determine whether clinical EEG reports obtained from children in the intensive care unit with refractory status epilepticus could provide data for comparative effectiveness research studies.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study to assess the documentation of key variables within clinical continuous EEG monitoring reports based on the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's standardized EEG terminology for children with refractory status epilepticus from 10 academic centers. Two pediatric electroencephalographers reviewed the EEG reports.

Seizure Prediction Models in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Purpose: Conventional video-EEG monitoring is required to diagnose seizures accurately in neonates. This tool is resource-intense and has limited availability in many centers. Seizure prediction models could help allocate resources by improving efficiency in which conventional video-EEG monitoring is used to detect subclinical seizures.

Conventional and quantitative EEG in status epilepticus.

Purpose: To summarize the use of continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (cEEG) in the diagnosis and management of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) and subsequent non-convulsive seizures (NCS) with a focus on available guidelines and infrastructure. In addition, we provide an overview of quantitative EEG (QEEG) for the identification of NCS in critically ill children.

Methods: We performed a review of the medical literature on the use of cEEG and QEEG in pediatric CSE.

Post-arrest therapeutic hypothermia in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.

Background: While therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is an effective neuroprotective therapy for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, TH has not been demonstrated to improve outcome in other pediatric populations. Patients with acquired or congenital heart disease (CHD) are at high risk of both cardiac arrest and neurodevelopmental impairments, and therapies are needed to improve neurologic outcome. The primary goal of our study was to compare safety/efficacy outcomes in post-arrest CHD patients treated with TH versus controls not treated with TH.

Time to continuous electroencephalogram in repeated admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit.

Purpose: Describe timing from intensive care unit (ICU) admission to initiation of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG) in repeated ICU admissions.

Method: We performed a retrospective observational study in pediatric patients who underwent repeated ICU admissions with cEEG from 2011 to 2013. The main outcome measure was time from ICU admission to cEEG.

Electrographic Seizures in Preterm Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Objective: Characterize clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of preterm neonates undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods: Retrospective study of preterm neonates born less than 37 weeks' gestational age undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit at Boston Children's Hospital over a 2-year period.

Results: Fifty-two preterms (46% male) had a mean gestational age of 32.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of a First Unprovoked Seizure in Children and Adolescents With a Focus on the Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Epilepsy.

By definition, unprovoked seizures are not precipitated by an identifiable factor, such as fever or trauma. A thorough history and physical examination are essential to caring for pediatric patients with a potential first unprovoked seizure. Differential diagnosis, EEG, neuroimaging, laboratory tests, and initiation of treatment will be reviewed.

Continuous EEG in Pediatric Critical Care: Yield and Efficiency of Seizure Detection.

Purpose: Our goal was to define the duration of continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring needed to adequately capture electrographic seizures and EEG status epilepticus in the pediatric intensive care unit using clinical and background EEG features.

Methods: Retrospective study of patients aged 1 month to 21 years admitted to a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit and undergoing cEEG (>3 hours). Clinical data collected included admission diagnosis, EEG background features, and time variables including time to first seizure after initiation of cEEG.

Time to electroencephalography is independently associated with outcome in critically ill neonates and children.

Objective: To identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality in neonates and children undergoing continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study in patients from birth to 21 years of age who underwent clinically indicated cEEG in the ICU from 2011 to 2013. The main outcome measure was in-hospital mortality.

Development and Feasibility Testing of a Critical Care EEG Monitoring Database for Standardized Clinical Reporting and Multicenter Collaborative Research.

Purpose: The rapid expansion of the use of continuous critical care electroencephalogram (cEEG) monitoring and resulting multicenter research studies through the Critical Care EEG Monitoring Research Consortium has created the need for a collaborative data sharing mechanism and repository. The authors describe the development of a research database incorporating the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society standardized terminology for critical care EEG monitoring. The database includes flexible report generation tools that allow for daily clinical use.