Spatial adaptation of eosinophils and their emerging roles in homeostasis, infection and disease.

Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that are traditionally associated with type 2 immune responses, such as those that occur during parasite infections and allergy. Emerging evidence demonstrates the remarkable functional plasticity of this elusive cell type and its pleiotropic functions in diverse settings. Eosinophils broadly contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defence and immune regulation, predominantly at mucosal sites.

Nonspecific stress biomarkers for mortality prediction in older emergency department patients presenting with falls: a prospective multicenter observational study.

Background: Older patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) after falling are increasingly prevalent. Falls are associated with functional decline and death. Biomarkers predicting short-term mortality might facilitate decisions regarding resource allocation and disposition.

Stress-free single-cell transcriptomic profiling and functional genomics of murine eosinophils.

Eosinophils are a class of granulocytes with pleiotropic functions in homeostasis and various human diseases. Nevertheless, they are absent from conventional single-cell RNA sequencing atlases owing to technical difficulties preventing their transcriptomic interrogation. Consequently, eosinophil heterogeneity and the gene regulatory networks underpinning their diverse functions remain poorly understood.

Both acuity and long term prognosis are important Emergency Department metrics: comparison of mobility assessment with the Emergency Severity Index.

Objective: To compare the SUHB mobility scale (i.e., stable(S), unstable gait(U), needing help to walk(H), or bedridden(B)) and the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) associations with admission and mortality outcomes.

Emergency Presentations for Dizziness-Radiological Findings, Final Diagnoses, and Mortality.

Background: Dizziness is a frequent presentation in patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs), often triggering extensive work-up, including neuroimaging. Therefore, gathering knowledge on final diagnoses and outcomes is important. We aimed to describe the incidence of dizziness as primary or secondary complaint, to list final diagnoses, and to determine the use and yield of neuroimaging and outcomes in these patients.

Emerging functions of tissue-resident eosinophils.

Eosinophils are typically considered tissue-damaging effector cells in type 2 immune-related diseases. However, they are also increasingly recognized as important modulators of various homeostatic processes, suggesting they retain the ability to adapt their function to different tissue contexts. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of eosinophil activities within tissues, with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract, where a large population of these cells resides under non-inflammatory conditions.

Throughput delays: causes, predictors, and outcomes - observational cohort in a Swiss emergency department.

Background: Optimal throughput times in emergency departments can be adjudicated by emergency physicians. Emergency physicians can also define causes of delays during work-up, such as waiting for imaging, clinical chemistry, consultations, or exit blocks. For adequate streaming, the identification of predictors of delays is important, as the attribution of resources depends on acuity, resources, and expected throughput times.

Helicobacter pylori Chronic-Stage Inflammation Undergoes Fluctuations That Are Altered in Mutants.

Helicobacter pylori colonizes half of the world's population and is responsible for a significant disease burden by causing gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The development of host inflammation drives these diseases, but there are still open questions in the field about how H. pylori controls this process.

Active eosinophils regulate host defence and immune responses in colitis.

In the past decade, single-cell transcriptomics has helped to uncover new cell types and states and led to the construction of a cellular compendium of health and disease. Despite this progress, some difficult-to-sequence cells remain absent from tissue atlases. Eosinophils-elusive granulocytes that are implicated in a plethora of human pathologies-are among these uncharted cell types.

Validation of a Simple Score for Mortality Prediction in a Cohort of Unselected Emergency Patients.

Background: Prognostication is an important component of medical decision-making. A patients' general prognosis can be difficult to measure. The Simple Prognostic Score (SPS) was designed to include patients' age, mobility, aggregated vital signs, and the treating physician's decision to admit to aid prognostication.

Ultrafast laser stress figuring for accurate deformation of thin mirrors.

Fabricating freeform mirrors relies on accurate optical figuring processes capable of arbitrarily modifying low-spatial frequency height without creating higher-spatial frequency errors. We present a scalable process to accurately figure thin mirrors using stress generated by a focused ultrafast laser. We applied ultrafast laser stress figuring (ULSF) to four thin fused silica mirrors to correct them to 10-20 nm RMS over 28 Zernike terms, in 2-3 iterations, without significantly affecting higher-frequency errors.

Adapting to their new home: Eosinophils remodel the gut architecture.

In this issue of JEM, Diny et al. (2022. J.

TGF-β production by eosinophils drives the expansion of peripherally induced neuropilin RORγt regulatory T-cells during bacterial and allergen challenge.

Eosinophils are best known for their effector functions in settings of parasitic infection or allergen challenge, but have also increasingly been implicated in immune regulation at mucosal sites. Here, we show using bacterial infection and antigen challenge models that extrathymic Foxp3 regulatory T-cells that arise de novo in the context of bacterial infection require an intact eosinophil compartment. Mouse strains with a constitutive or conditional eosinophil deficiency, or with an eosinophil-specific ablation of , lack bacterially induced neuropilin-negative, RORγt-positive gastrointestinal Treg populations in models of , and infection, as well as in the steady state colon and upon oral ovalbumin challenge.

An Interest Stabilisation Mechanism to Unburden the ECB.

Following the twin crises of sovereign debt and COVID-19, the ECB risks being stuck in a situation of fiscal dominance, in which monetary policy is subordinated to the needs of finance ministers. A strong post-COVID-19 recovery may increase inflationary pressures, requiring a shift towards a less accommodative monetary policy stance. A tightening of monetary policy may, however, lead to a widening of interest rate spreads and new bond market tensions in the euro area.

3Tesla post-mortem MRI quantification of anatomical brain structures.

Quantitative post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) allows for measurement of T1 and T2 relaxation times and proton density (PD) of brain tissue. Quantitative PMMR values may be used for advanced post-mortem neuro-imaging diagnostics such as computer aided diagnosis. So far, the quantitative T1, T2 and PD post-mortem values of regular anatomical brain structures were unknown for a 3 Tesla PMMR application.

Commensal Clostridiales strains mediate effective anti-cancer immune response against solid tumors.

Despite overall success, T cell checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment are still only efficient in a minority of patients. Recently, intestinal microbiota was found to critically modulate anti-cancer immunity and therapy response. Here, we identify Clostridiales members of the gut microbiota associated with a lower tumor burden in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Old Age Bipolar Disorder-Epidemiology, Aetiology and Treatment.

Data regarding older age bipolar disorder (OABD) are sparse. Two major groups are classified as patients with first occurrence of mania in old age, the so called "late onset" patients (LOBD), and the elder patients with a long-standing clinical history, the so called "early onset" patients (EOBD). The aim of the present literature review is to provide more information on specific issues concerning OABD, such as epidemiology, aetiology and treatments outcomes.

Intestinal eosinophils, homeostasis and response to bacterial intrusion.

Eosinophils are traditionally considered as end-stage effector cells involved in the pathogenesis of Th2 immune-mediated disorders as well as in the protection against parasite infection. However, this restricted view has recently been challenged by a series of studies revealing the highly plastic nature of these cells and implication in various homeostatic processes. Large numbers of eosinophils reside in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, at the front line of host defence, where they contribute to maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier function in the face of inflammation-associated epithelial cell damage.

The Effect of Broccoli Sprout Extract on Seasonal Grass Pollen-Induced Allergic Rhinitis.

Patients exposed to pollutants are more likely to suffer from allergic rhinitis and may benefit from antioxidant treatment. Our study determined if patients diagnosed with grass-induced allergic rhinitis could benefit from broccoli sprout extract (BSE) supplementation. In total, 47 patients were confirmed with grass-induced allergic rhinitis and randomized to one of four groups: group 1 (nasal steroid spray + BSE), group 2 (nasal steroid spray + placebo tablet), group 3 (saline nasal spray + BSE) and group 4 (saline nasal spray + placebo tablet).

Differential regulation of β-catenin-mediated transcription via N- and C-terminal co-factors governs identity of murine intestinal epithelial stem cells.

The homeostasis of the gut epithelium relies upon continuous renewal and proliferation of crypt-resident intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs). Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required for IESC maintenance, however, it remains unclear how this pathway selectively governs the identity and proliferative decisions of IESCs. Here, we took advantage of knock-in mice harboring transgenic β-catenin alleles with mutations that specifically impair the recruitment of N- or C-terminal transcriptional co-factors.

ATG5 promotes eosinopoiesis but inhibits eosinophil effector functions.

Eosinophils are white blood cells that contribute to the regulation of immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. In contrast to other cells of the immune system, no information is available regarding the role of autophagy in eosinophil differentiation and functions. To study the autophagic pathway in eosinophils, we generated conditional knockout mice in which Atg5 is deleted within the eosinophil lineage only (designated Atg5eoΔ mice).

Current airway management practices after a failed intubation attempt in Australian and New Zealand emergency departments.

Objective: The aims of the present study were to describe current airway management practices after a failed intubation attempt in Australian and New Zealand EDs and to explore factors associated with second attempt success.

Methods: Data were collected from a multicentre airway registry (The Australian and New Zealand Emergency Department Airway Registry). All intubation episodes that required a second attempt between March 2010 and November 2015 were analysed.

The REACH registration process: A case study of metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide and aluminium hydroxide.

The European Union's REACH Regulation requires determination of potential health and environmental effects of chemicals in commerce. The present case study examines the application of REACH guidance for health hazard assessments of three high production volume (HPV) aluminium (Al) substances: metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. Among the potential adverse health consequences of aluminium exposure, neurotoxicity is one of the most sensitive targets of Al toxicity and the most critical endpoint.