Larger head circumference in Icelandic children 0-4 years of age compared to the World Health Organization and Swedish growth charts.

Aim: The World Health Organization (WHO) published universal growth standards for children below five year of age in 2006. Traditionally, Swedish growth references have been used to monitor growth of children in Iceland, but it is not yet known how they compare with these reference charts.

Methods: A total of 2128 longitudinal measurements of length or height, 2132 of weight and 2126 of head circumference between birth and four years of age were collected in 1996-2000 from 199 healthy children (53% boys) recruited at Landspitali University Hospital.

Fourteen sequence variants that associate with multiple sclerosis discovered by meta-analysis informed by genetic correlations.

A meta-analysis of publicly available summary statistics on multiple sclerosis combined with three Nordic multiple sclerosis cohorts (21,079 cases, 371,198 controls) revealed seven sequence variants associating with multiple sclerosis, not reported previously. Using polygenic risk scores based on public summary statistics of variants outside the major histocompatibility complex region we quantified genetic overlap between common autoimmune diseases in Icelanders and identified disease clusters characterized by autoantibody presence/absence. As multiple sclerosis-polygenic risk scores captures the risk of primary biliary cirrhosis and vice versa ( = 1.

Effect of sequence variants on variance in glucose levels predicts type 2 diabetes risk and accounts for heritability.

Sequence variants that affect mean fasting glucose levels do not necessarily affect risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). We assessed the effects of 36 reported glucose-associated sequence variants on between- and within-subject variance in fasting glucose levels in 69,142 Icelanders. The variant in TCF7L2 that increases fasting glucose levels increases between-subject variance (5.

The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 1955-2012: a nationwide population-based study.

Objective: Pituitary adenomas (PA) are among the most common human neoplasms. To describe the epidemiology and assess the disease burden of clinically significant PAs, population-based studies are needed. Iceland has a small well-defined population.

Equal access to health care may diminish the differences in outcome between native and immigrant patients with type 1 diabetes.

Background/objective: Previous studies have found that ethnicity influences glycemic control. We hypothesized that differences between Nordic and non-Nordic patients are less pronounced for children with type 1 diabetes in high incidence countries in Northern Europe.

Research Design And Methods: We investigated patients aged 0-15 yr in national pediatric registers in Denmark (D), Iceland (I), Norway (N), and Sweden (S) (2006-2009).

Childhood diabetes in the Nordic countries: a comparison of quality registries.

In 2008 a Nordic collaboration was established between the quality registries in Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden to improve quality of care for children with diabetes. This study aimed to describe those registries and confirm that the registry variables are comparable. Selected variables were used to demonstrate outcome measurements.

[A case report - Severe electrolyte disturbances in an eight week old boy].

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in children and underlying causes are many. It is most often caused by excessive salt loss from the gut but is also associated with severe systemic disorders in which there is actual or apparent aldosterone deficiency, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is the most common inherited disorder of aldosterone synthesis, and pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA). Abscent aldosterone activity also leads to hyperkalemia which is characteristic for PHA and can result in life threatening arrythmias.

[Childhood type 1 diabetes in Iceland; evaluation of quality of treatment].

Introduction: The importance of adequate metabolic control in Type 1 DM has been repeatedly demonstrated in recent years. The care of diabetic children and adolescents in Iceland is centralized to one unit. The aim of the study was to analyze the quality of treatment and acute complications of Icelandic children with Type 1 diabetes.

Efficacy and safety of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism: current state of the art.

Unlabelled: Meta-analyses of randomised trials using hCG or GnRH for treatment on testicular descent show in most studies overall efficacy of about 20%, less if retractile testes were excluded. In recent years a number of potentially serious side effects have been reported.

Conclusion: Considering the efficacy and the possible side effects of the hormonal treatment, the general use of hCG and GnRH in the treatment of cryptorchidism cannot be further recommended.

Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences.

Unlabelled: Undescended testis is a common finding in boys, and the majority of cases have no discernible aetiology. There are unexplained geographical differences and temporal trends in its prevalence. Cryptorchidism, especially bilateral, is associated with impaired spermatogenesis and endocrine function and increases the risk of testicular cancer.