Case Report: and HIV Co-Diagnosis: How to Understand Medical History?

We report a case of a severe visceral leishmaniasis revealing an HIV-1 infection presenting as an acute primary infection. A young French man living in Paris with history of unprotected sex with a recent male partner and recent travel in Greece was admitted in our Infectious Diseases Department, presenting with acute febrile psychotic disorder, and positive HIV-1 serology with high viral load, very low CD4 T-cells count and a western blot pattern suggesting an acute infection. The psychotic disorder was finally related to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosed on bone marrow aspiration, supposedly secondary to HIV acute primary infection.

Cefepime use: A need for antimicrobial stewardship.

Objectives: Unlike other 3GCs, Cefepime is a cephalosporin that has, in animal model studies, shown a low risk of selecting resistant mutants. It also enables carbapenems to be saved in treatment of Pseudomonasaeruginosa and the CESP group (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia and Providencia, as well as the genus Klebsiellaaerogenes, Morganella and Hafnia), consequently producing cephalosporinase. We aimed to determine whether its prescription in a French teaching hospital met criteria for proper use.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine maintenance strategy in virologically controlled adults with low HIV-1 DNA: 48 week results from a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

Objectives: Low HIV reservoirs may be associated with viral suppression under a lower number of antiretroviral drugs. We investigated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine as a maintenance strategy in people living with HIV (PLHIV) with low HIV-DNA.

Methods: TRULIGHT (NCT02302547) was a multicentre, open-label, randomized trial comparing a simplification to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine versus a triple regimen continuation (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine with a third agent, control arm) in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-DNA <2.

High mortality in peritonitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex: retrospective study and systematic literature review.

Background: Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is often disseminated and mainly involves lymph nodes, spleen, liver or bone marrow. Peritonitis due to MAC infection (PMAC) is a very uncommon manifestation.

Methods: In this report, after describing the case of the only PMAC infection in our 10-year retrospective study, which occurred in an AIDS patient who was non-adherent to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we performed a systematic literature review of documented bacteriological PMAC.

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Unmasking or Worsening AIDS-Related Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Literature Review.

Incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV-infected patients has declined in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era although a growing number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related PML-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (PML-IRIS) have been published during the same period. Therapeutic management of PML-IRIS is not consensual and mainly relies on corticosteroids. Our main aim was, in addition to provide a thoughtful analysis of published PML-IRIS cases, to assess the benefit of corticosteroids in the management of PML-IRIS, focusing on confirmed cases.

A Pilot Study of Tobacco Screening and Referral for Smoking Cessation Program among HIV-Infected Patients in France.

Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking is high among patients living with HIV, supporting the need for effective targeted interventions.

Materials And Methods: All current smokers at our outpatient HIV clinic were invited to participate in a smoking cessation program.

Results: Of the 716 patients living with HIV, 280 (39%) reported active smoking and were younger, more recently HIV infected and more frequently infected due to intravenous drug use (IDU).

Neurotoxocariasis: a systematic literature review.

Purpose: Toxocariasis is a widespread zoonosis, which may result in central nervous system injury.

Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review in MEDLINE, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar up to April 2015 using a combination of the following search terms: "neurotoxocariasis" or "neurotoxocarosis", "toxocariasis" or "toxocarosis" and "cerebral" or "neurologic".

Results: One hundred cases of neurotoxocariasis were identified in literature.

Study on daptomycin use and implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program.

Background: Treatment of Gram-positive pathogens remains a major health issue due to the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Daptomycin offers an alternative after therapeutic failure using glycopeptides. Yet its use requires strict control given its financial impact and environmental risks.

Incidence of herpes zoster in HIV-infected adults in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: results from the FHDH-ANRS CO4 cohort.

Background: Recent studies have shown a decrease in the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients since the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, but more data are needed on a possible increase in the risk early after cART initiation.

Methods: We studied HZ incidence and risk factors among patients followed in the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH) between 1992 and 2011. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used for comparison with the general population between 2005 and 2008.

Antimicrobial stewardship and linezolid.

Background: Since 2002, linezolid, the first representative of the oxazolidinone class, has been widely prescribed, sometimes outside of approved indications. However, several cases of clinical outbreaks due to linezolid-resistant organisms have been reported, and its relatively high cost represents an economic challenge for hospital settings.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different actions conducted by an antimicrobial stewardship team (AST) to control over-prescription of linezolid with regard to the defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 inhabitants per day.

Draft Genome Sequence of Campylobacter coli Strain IPSID-1 Isolated from a Patient with Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease.

The genome sequence and annotation of Campylobacter coli strain IPSID-1 are reported here. This bacterial isolate is the first to be cultured from a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID). The draft genome sequence is 1.

Complicated atazanavir-associated cholelithiasis: a report of 14 cases.

Fourteen human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving an atazanavir (ATV)-based antiretroviral regimen developed complicated cholelithiasis. ATV was found in biliary calculi in 8 of 11 cases: infrared spectrometry analysis of calculi revealed that ATV made up a median of 89% (range, 10%-100%) of the total calculus composition. Development and management of ATV-associated cholelithiasis are discussed.

Average adherence to boosted protease inhibitor therapy, rather than the pattern of missed doses, as a predictor of HIV RNA replication.

Consecutive missed doses may differentially impact the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy associated with the use of a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI). In a cohort of 72 subjects receiving a boosted PI, average adherence to dosage was a better predictor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication than was the duration or frequency of treatment interruption. In contrast with an NNRTI, consecutive missed doses of a boosted PI did not emerge as a major risk factor for HIV replication.

[Smoking cessation counseling center in a French hospital: Effectiveness at one year and predictors of outcome].

Objective: To assess the effectiveness at 1 year of a hospital clinic providing individual management of persons seeking to stop smoking and the factors predictive of failure.

Methods: This prospective descriptive study included smokers seeking assistance at this hospital clinic over a 1-year period. This analysis excludes persons with schizophrenia and those who came only to a first consultation.

Regression of CD8+ pseudolymphoma after HIV antiviral triple therapy.

To our knowledge, we report the first case of improvement of HIV-associated cutaneous CD8(+) pseudolymphoma with highly active antiretroviral therapy. This favors the hypothesis of a reactive cutaneous infiltration by HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells in this disease.