Implementation Science and Implementation Science Communications: our aims, scope, and reporting expectations.

In the 13 years since the inception of Implementation Science, we have witnessed a continued rise in the number of submissions, reflecting the growing global interest in methods to enhance the uptake of research findings into healthcare practice and policy. We now receive over 800 submissions annually, and there is a large gap between what is submitted and what gets published. To better serve the needs of the research community, we announce our plans to introduce a new journal, Implementation Science Communications, which we believe will support publication of types of research reports currently not often published in Implementation Science.

Qualitative study of clinician and patient perspectives on the mode of anaesthesia for emergency surgery.

Background: Although delivering a chosen mode of anaesthesia for certain emergency surgery procedures is potentially beneficial to patients, it is a complex intervention to evaluate. This qualitative study explored clinician and patient perspectives about mode of anaesthesia for emergency surgery.

Methods: Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants from eight National Health Service Trusts that cover the following three emergency surgery settings: ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms, hip fractures and inguinal hernias.

Oil mobilization and solubilization in porous media by in situ emulsification.

Hypothesis: For a wide range of subsurface engineering processes, such as geological carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery, it is critical to understand multiphase flow at a fundamental level. To this end, geomaterial microfluidic devices provide visual data that can be quantified to explain the physics of multiphase flow at the length scale of individual pores in realistic rock structures. For surfactant enhanced oil recovery, it is the underlying geometrical states of the capillary trapped oil that dictates the recovery process and the degree to which oil is recovered through either mobilization or solubilization during in situ emulsification.

Local Health Department Interest in Implementation of a Jail-Based Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Program in Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska.

Context: Local health departments (LHDs) play a vital role in community vaccination programs for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, but little research has been done to assess LHD interest in cross-sectoral partnerships to vaccinate high-risk groups, specifically incarcerated persons.

Objective: To describe factors associated with interest in a novel implementation strategy linking LHDs with jails in 4 Midwestern states to deliver HPV vaccine.

Design: Survey based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) model given to LHD administrators.

PAPSS2-related brachyolmia: Clinical and radiological phenotype in 18 new cases.

Brachyolmia is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by short spine-short stature, platyspondyly, and minor long bone abnormalities. We describe 18 patients, from different ethnic backgrounds and ages ranging from infancy to 19 years, with the autosomal recessive form, associated with PAPSS2. The main clinical features include disproportionate short stature with short spine associated with variable symptoms of pain, stiffness, and spinal deformity.

Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclohexanes by Hydrogen Borrowing Annulations.

Hydrogen borrowing catalysis serves as a powerful alternative to enolate alkylation, enabling the direct coupling of ketones with unactivated alcohols. However, to date, methods that enable control over the absolute stereochemical outcome of such a process have remained elusive. Here we report a catalytic asymmetric method for the synthesis of enantioenriched cyclohexanes from 1,5-diols via hydrogen borrowing catalysis.

Developing a Survey Tool to Assess Implementation of Evidence-Based Chronic Disease Prevention in Public Health Settings Across Four Countries.

Understanding the contextual factors that influence the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based chronic disease prevention (EBCDP) interventions in public health settings across countries could inform strategies to support the dissemination and implementation of EBCDP interventions globally and more effectively prevent chronic diseases. A survey tool to use across diverse countries is lacking. This study describes the development and reliability testing of a survey tool to assess the stage of dissemination, multi-level contextual factors, and individual and agency characteristics that influence the dissemination and implementation of EBCDP interventions in Australia, Brazil, China, and the United States.

Orthopaedic registries - the UK view (National Joint Registry): impact on practice.

The National Joint Registry (NJR) was established in 2002 as the result of an unexpectedly high failure rate of a cemented total hip replacement.Initial compliance with the Registry was low until data entry was mandated. Current case ascertainment is approximately 95% for primary procedures and 90% for revision procedures.

The relationship between the functional movement screen, star excursion balance test and the Beighton score in dancers.

: To determine the association between the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Beighton Score (BS) in dancers with implications for performance and injury.: The study was of cross-sectional design and included 47 female university dancers (age: 20.4 ± 0.

The Beighton Score and Injury in Dancers: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Context: Joint hypermobility has a high prevalence in dancers and may be associated with injury and performance.

Objectives: To investigate whether total Beighton score can predict injury and to determine the relationship between joint hypermobility and injury, and to report injury demographics.

Design: A prospective cohort injury study.

Transplantation of donor grafts with defined ratio of conventional and regulatory T cells in HLA-matched recipients.

BACKGROUNDIn preclinical murine and early clinical studies of hematopoietic cell transplantation, engineering of donor grafts with defined ratios of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs to conventional T cells (Tcons) results in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease and improved immune reconstitution. The use of highly purified primary graft Tregs for direct cell infusion has potential advantages over impure immunomagnetic selection or culture expansion, but has not been tested clinically. We performed a phase I study of the timed addition of CD34-selected hematopoietic stem cells and Tregs, followed by Tcons for the treatment of patients with high-risk hematological malignancies.

Inclusive engagement for health and development or 'political theatre': results from case studies examining mechanisms for country ownership in Global Fund processes in Malawi, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

Background: For many countries, including Malawi, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, 2017 was a transition year for support from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria as one funding cycle closed and another would begin in 2018. Since its inception in 2001, the Global Fund has required that countries demonstrate ownership and transparency in the development of their funding requests through specific processes for inclusive, deliberative engagement led by Country Coordinating Mechanisms (CCMs). In reporting results from case study research, the article explores whether, in the context of the three countries, such requirements continue to be fit-for-purpose given difficult choices to be made for financing and sustaining their HIV programmes.

Eculizumab in Aquaporin-4-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder that typically affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. At least two thirds of cases are associated with aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) and complement-mediated damage to the central nervous system. In a previous small, open-label study involving patients with AQP4-IgG-positive disease, eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, was shown to reduce the frequency of relapse.

The incidence of cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The incidence of cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit (ICU-CA) has not been widely reported. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the incidence of cardiac arrest in adult, general intensive care units. The review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017079717).

Donor-Derived Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Infusion as Consolidation after Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation for Myeloid Neoplasms.

Non-myeloablative conditioning, such as with total lymphoid irradiation and antithymocyte globulin (TLI-ATG), has allowed allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) with curative potential for older patients and those with comorbid medical conditions with myeloid neoplasms. However, early achievement of full donor chimerism (FDC) and relapse remain challenging. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have been shown to have antitumor cytotoxicity.

Phasing in heterochromatin during development.

Constitutive heterochromatin is a prevalent feature of eukaryotic genomes important for promoting cell differentiation and maintaining genome stability. During animal reproduction, constitutive heterochromatin is disassembled in gametes prior to formation of the zygote and then subsequently re-established as development ensues and cells differentiate. Despite progress in understanding the mechanisms that maintain heterochromatin in differentiated cell types, how constitutive heterochromatin is assembled de novo during early development remains poorly understood.

Latest Updates on Lipid Management.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the clinical long-term and near-term benefits of lowering cholesterol in, respectively, primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD, cholesterol levels remain under-treated, with many patients not achieving their recommended targets. The present article will review the latest updates on lipid management with emphases on the different classes of cholesterol-lowering agents and their clinical uses.

The Relationship Between the Golf-Specific Movement Screen and Golf Performance.

Context: Golf requires effective movement patterns to produce an effective swing and performance.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the Titleist Performance Institute golf-specific functional movement screening (GSFMS) composite and individual element scores and golf performance by assessing a player's handicap, clubhead speed, side accuracy, ball speed, peak pelvis rotation speed, swing sequence, and common swing faults.

Design: Cohort study, clinical measurement.

A cross-country study of mis-implementation in public health practice.

Background: Mis-implementation (i.e., the premature termination or inappropriate continuation of public health programs) contributes to the misallocation of limited public health resources and the sub-optimal response to the growing global burden of chronic disease.

Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce.

Objective: Our primary objective was to examine the global paediatric workforce and to better understand geographic differences in the number of paediatricians globally. Secondary objectives were to describe paediatric workforce expectations, who provides children with preventative care and when children transition out of paediatric care.

Design: Survey of identified paediatric leaders in each country.

Response of high-risk MDS to azacitidine and lenalidomide is impacted by baseline and acquired mutations in a cluster of three inositide-specific genes.

Specific myeloid-related and inositide-specific gene mutations can be linked to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) pathogenesis and therapy. Here, 44 higher-risk MDS patients were treated with azacitidine and lenalidomide and mutations analyses were performed at baseline and during the therapy. Results were then correlated to clinical outcome, overall survival (OS), leukemia-free-survival (LFS) and response to therapy.