Probing milk extracellular vesicles for intestinal delivery of RNA therapies.

Background: Oral delivery remains unattainable for nucleic acid therapies. Many nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been investigated for this, but most suffer from poor gut stability, poor mucus diffusion and/or inefficient epithelial uptake. Extracellular vesicles from bovine milk (mEVs) possess desirable characteristics for oral delivery of nucleic acid therapies since they both survive digestion and traverse the intestinal mucosa.

Assessment of Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxant Activity of L. Fruit Ethanolic Extract and Its Possible Mechanisms.

L. (Anacardiaceae), also known as Sumac, is commonly used as a spice, flavoring agent, and as a traditional medicinal herb. This includes also the traditional use for treating asthma, catarrh, and common colds.

Incidence rate of injury and injury sites in European and Swiss karate competitions: a prospective epidemiological study of 2404 fights.

Objectives: To compare the rates and injury sites among competitors in European and Swiss karate tournaments and to identify differences in these incidence rates by sex and age.

Methods: This prospective cohort study collected data from two European and four national tournaments in Switzerland between 2011 and 2019. The on-site medical staff completed an anonymised report sheet with demographic data and injury characteristics in all injuries requiring medical treatment.

5-HT receptors mediate dilation of rat cremaster muscle arterioles in vivo.

Objective: Serotonin (5-HT) infusion in vivo causes hypotension and a fall in total peripheral resistance. However, the vascular segment and the receptors that mediate this response remain in question. We hypothesized that 5-HT receptors mediate arteriolar dilation to 5-HT in skeletal muscle microcirculation.

Comparison of systemic inflammatory responses of proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw after treatment of patients with pertrochanteric fractures: A prospective comparative study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between the induction of early postoperative inflammatory response and muscle tissue injury biomarkers after treatment of pertrochanteric fractures by dynamic hip screw (DHS) or proximal femoral nail (PFN).

Methods: In this prospective comparative study, 40 patients with AO-Müller/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) 31. A1-31.

The use of remdesivir outside of clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic.

With a scientific background from filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, remdesivir entered into the COVID-19 battle to become one of the favorable therapeutic candidates with potential antiviral activity in the treatment of this disease. Globally, remdesivir was accessed and investigated through clinical research (clinical trials) and clinical practice (compassionate use, expanded access, early access scheme, and emergency use). Currently, remdesivir approval status differs between states.

Clinical and Regulatory Concerns of Biosimilars: A Review of Literature.

Although biosimilars have been part of clinical practice for more than a decade, healthcare professionals (HCPs) do not fully accept them. This is because of the perception that biosimilars may not be like their originators in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy. This study aims to evaluate the current knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals toward biosimilar prescription, and to elaborate on their concerns.

Tuberculosis drug safety and pharmacovigilance in health system of Kosova: A cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant worldwide social and life-threatening epidemiological problem. Because this disease requires multiple drug treatment and prolonged therapy for several months, followed by a high probability of adverse effects (AEs), we assessed AE monitoring for anti-TB drugs in the Health Care System of Kosova.

Methods: This survey was a cross-sectional analysis performed at the primary, secondary and tertiary health care levels in Kosova.

Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulation of vascular tone under physiological and pathological conditions.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are mainly found in marine fish oils and commercially available fish oil supplements. Several studies have documented that n-3 PUFAs can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases through anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Notably, regulation of vascular tone is one of the most important bases of cardiovascular health and especially for maintaining blood pressure within optimal physiological ranges.

Current regulatory approaches for accessing potential COVID-19 therapies.

This commentary aims to elaborate challenges in the regulatory approaches for accessing and investigating COVID-19 potential therapies either with off-label use, compassionate use, emergency use or for clinical trials. Since no therapies have been formally approved and completely effective and safe to date, the best clinical choice is acquired only after consistent and fair communication and collaboration between licensed clinicians, researchers, regulatory authorities, manufacturers and patients.

Antibiotic utilisation in adult and children patients in Kosovo hospitals.

Objectives: There are no reliable data on antibiotic use in Kosovo hospitals. The aim of this survey was to monitor volumes and patterns of antibiotic use in hospitalised patients in order to identify targets for quality improvement.

Methods: Data on antimicrobial use were collected from seven hospitals in Kosovo during 2013 using the standardised point prevalence survey (PPS) methodology as developed by the ESAC (European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption) and ARPEC (Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children).

Role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in gestational diabetes, maternal and fetal insights: current use and future directions.

ω-3-Polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are widely used during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). ω-3 PUFAs are beneficial in the regulation of maternal and fetal metabolic function, inflammation, immunity, macrosomia (MAC), oxidative stress, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth, preterm birth, offspring metabolic function, and neurodevelopment. Dietary counseling is vital for improving therapeutic outcomes in patients with GDM.

Role of the Angiotensin Pathway and its Target Therapy in Epilepsy Management.

Despite extensive research on epileptogenesis, there is still a need to investigate new pathways and targeted therapeutic approaches in this complex process. Inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, neural cell death, gliosis, and blood⁻brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are the most common causes of epileptogenesis. Moreover, the renin⁻angiotensin system (RAS) affects the brain's physiological and pathological conditions, including epilepsy and its consequences.

Microperforated Hymen Presenting Spontaneous Pregnancy with Cesarean Delivery and Hymenotomy Surgery: A Case Report.

Background: Female genital tract anomalies including imperforate hymen affect sexual life and fertility.

Case Presentation: In the present case, we describe a pregnant woman diagnosed with imperforate hymen which never had penetrative vaginal sex. A 27-year-old married patient with 2 months of amenorrhea presented in a clinic without any other complications.

Pharmacotherapy Evaluation and Utilization in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients in Kosovo during the Period 2016-2017.

Background: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is realised in patients with critical or advanced disease of coronary arteries. There are different pharmacotherapeutic approaches which are used as management, treatment and preventive therapy in cardiovascular disease or related comorbidities. Performing a successful surgery, pharmacotherapy, and increase of bypass patency rate remains a serious challenge.

Individualizing Treatment Approaches for Epileptic Patients with Glucose Transporter Type1 (GLUT-1) Deficiency.

Monogenic and polygenic mutations are important contributors in patients suffering from epilepsy, including metabolic epilepsies which are inborn errors of metabolism with a good respond to specific dietetic treatments. Heterozygous variation in solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1) and mutations of the GLUT1/SLC2A2 gene results in the failure of glucose transport, which is related with a glucose type-1 transporter (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS). GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is a treatable disorder of glucose transport into the brain caused by a variety of mutations in the SLC2A1 gene which are the cause of different neurological disorders also with different types of epilepsy and related clinical phenotypes.

Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence of Patients in Kosovo.

Setting: The poor patient adherence in tuberculosis (TB) treatment is considered to be one of the most serious challenges which reflect the decrease of treatment success and emerging of the Multidrug Resistance-TB (MDR-TB). To our knowledge, the data about patients' adherence to anti-TB treatment in our country are missing.

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the anti-TB treatment adherence rate and to identify factors related to eventual nonadherence among Kosovo TB patients.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce vascular tone and inflammation in human saphenous vein.

Dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular effects. However, little is known about the effect of EPA and DHA on human vascular tone. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of EPA and DHA on vascular tone of the human saphenous vein (SV) obtained from patients undergoing coronary bypass operation under normal and inflammatory conditions.

Inhibition of microsomal PGE synthase-1 reduces human vascular tone by increasing PGI : a safer alternative to COX-2 inhibition.

Background And Purpose: The side effects of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors on the cardiovascular system could be associated with reduced prostaglandin (PG)I synthesis. Microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) catalyses the formation of PGE from COX-derived PGH . This enzyme is induced under inflammatory conditions and constitutes an attractive target for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Arctigenin improves vascular tone and decreases inflammation in human saphenous vein.

The goal of this study was to test the effects of bioactive phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan arctigenin (ATG) in vascular tone. Human bypass graft vessel, from a saphenous vein (SV), were set up in organ bath system and contracted with potassium chloride (KCl, 40mM). Two concentration-response curves of noradrenaline (NE) (10nM-100μM) separated with an incubation period of 30min without (Control) or with ATG (3-100μM) were established.

The impact of bilateral vagotomy on the physostigmine-induced airway constriction in ferrets.

Vagal innervations have a great role in the respiratory function and are the main route of signal transmission from respiratory neural centers into the trachea and others conducting airways. We have investigated the role of central mechanisms related to vagal neural pathways and the cholinergic outflow in tracheobronchial smooth muscle tone and lung mechanics parameters. Parameters of lung mechanics such as lung resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and pressure in bypassed tracheal segment (Ptseg) were measured before and after vagotomy and asphyxia test.

Novel immune assay for quantification of plasma protective capacity against oxidized phospholipids.

Aim: Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) are the major pathogenic component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL). Endogenous anti-OxPL activity, defined as the ability to neutralize adverse effects of oxidized lipids, may have biomarker potential.

Methods & Results: Using two anti-OxPL monoclonal antibodies (commercial mAB-E06 and custom mAB-509) we developed a novel ELISA that measures the global capacity of plasma to inactivate OxPL.

Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS): new insights in the molecular mimicry between C. jejuni and human peripheral nerve (HPN) proteins.

Profile and immunoreactivity of proteins from HPN tissue, and from Campylobacter jejuni (O:19) were investigated. Proteins were extracted, separated by SDS-PAGE, their cross reactivity monitored by Western blotting, and identified by nHPLC-nESI-HRMS analysis. Proteins from C.