Pharmacokinetics of continuous once-a-week combination 17β-Estradiol/Low- or high-dose levonorgestrel transdermal delivery systems in postmenopausal women.

Two open-label, randomized, two-period, crossover studies were performed to determine the safety, delivery rates, and pharmacokinetic properties of a combination estradiol (E2)/levonorgestrel (LNG) transdermal delivery system (TDS). Study 1 enrolled 24 postmenopausal women who received a single TDS containing 4.4 mg E2 and 1.

Causes and types of precocious puberty in north-west iran.

Objective: Precocious puberty is of concern because of the underlying disorders, the short adult stature, and the psychosocial difficulties. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the characteristics of children referred to pediatric endocrinology clinic with diagnosis of precocious puberty.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study between February 2007 and September 2009, all of the children referred to pediatric endocrinology clinic in North-West Iran with diagnosis of precocious puberty were recruited.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with malfunctioning CSF-shunt.

Objective: A less favorable outcome is usually claimed for ETV in formerly shunted patients, and continuous bias exists on using endoscopy in cases with malfunctioning CSF shunts.

Methods: A cohort of 60 patients with obstructive triventricular hydrocephalus (mean age 22 years, range 1-68) underwent an ETV instead of shunt revision. Fourteen patients had a history of multiple shunt-related surgeries (more than three times).

Simultaneous estradiol and levonorgestrel transdermal delivery from a 7-day patch: in vitro and in vivo drug deliveries of three formulations.

A new drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch was developed to deliver both estradiol and levonorgestrel through the skin over a 7-day period, but at different rates. This report elucidates the in vitro and in vivo biopharmaceutical studies that were necessary during the development of this product. Three test patches had to be manufactured, all delivering estradiol at the same rate, but delivering levonorgestrel at three different rates so that a levonorgestrel dose response could be studied in the clinic.

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fludarabine phosphate in patients with renal impairment: a prospective dose adjustment study.

Unlabelled: A significant number of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia patients, treated with fludarabine phosphate (fludarabine), are elderly with diminished renal function. Since the kidney eliminates approximately 60% of fludarabine's primary metabolite (F-ara-A), dose modification is necessary for all patients with impaired renal function including elderly patients. In this study, 22 patients with varying levels of renal function received a single intravenous dose of fludarabine (25 mg/m3), followed one week later by five (one per day) doses that were adjusted according to three predefined creatinine clearance (CLcr) levels.