Successful Intentional Replantation of a Severely Compromised Tooth Using 3 Types of Phototherapy: A Case Report.

Intentional replantation (IR) is an emerging and cost-effective last-resort treatment for persistent apical periodontitis. Adjunctive phototherapy for IR aims to improve the management of challenging cases by enhancing disinfection, stimulating healing and promoting regeneration. We report a novel phototherapy-assisted IR protocol conducted on a compromised lateral incisor with an extensive periapical infection (Ø > 10 mm) in a 68-year-old diabetic male.

Photobiomodulation: Implications for Anesthesia and Pain Relief.

Objective: This review examines the evidence of neural inhibition as a mechanism underlying pain relief and anesthetic effect of photobiomodulation (PBM).

Background: PBM for pain relief has also been used for more than 30 years; however, the mechanism of its effectiveness has not been well understood.

Methods: We review electrophysiological studies in humans and animal models and cell culture studies to examine neural responses to PBM.

Low-power pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation for pre-emptive anaesthesia: A morphological and histological study.

Background And Aims: To determine if tooth structure or dental pulp of normal healthy human premolar teeth to be extracted for orthodontic reasons exhibit morphological or histological changes following dental anaesthesia by pulsed Nd:YAG laser and subsequent cavity preparation (CP). Materials (Subjects) and Methods: 54 bilateral paired of human, healthy premolar teeth identified for inclusion in a clinical trial of Nd:YAG-induced anaesthesia and subsequently extracted for orthodontic reasons, were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups: Group 1 - teeth (n=44) were irradiated with 150 µs pulsed Nd:YAG laser-1064 nm (American Dental Laser, dLase300, Sunrise Technologies Inc., Folsom, CA, USA; Average power: 1.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from pathology to phenotype.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an inflammatory neuropathy, classically characterised by a slowly progressive onset and symmetrical, sensorimotor involvement. However, there are many phenotypic variants, suggesting that CIDP may not be a discrete disease entity but rather a spectrum of related conditions. While the abiding theory of CIDP pathogenesis is that cell-mediated and humoral mechanisms act together in an aberrant immune response to cause damage to peripheral nerves, the relative contributions of T cell and autoantibody responses remain largely undefined.

Clinical implications of Schwann cell biology.

The neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are derived from the neural crest and are a diverse family of cells. They consist of myelinating Schwann cells, non-myelinating Schwann cells, satellite cells, and perisynaptic Schwann cells. Due to their prominent role in the formation of myelin, myelinating Schwann cells are the best recognised of these cells.

An update on Schwann cell biology--immunomodulation, neural regulation and other surprises.

Schwann cells are primarily discussed in the context of their ability to form myelin. However there are many subtypes of these neural crest derived cells including satellite cells of the dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia, the perisynaptic Schwann cells of the neuromuscular junction and the non-myelin forming Schwann cells which ensheathe the unmyelinated fibres of the peripheral nervous system which are about 80% of peripheral nerves. This review discusses the many functions of these Schwann cell subsets including their seminal role in axonal ensheathment, perineuronal organisation, maintenance of normal neural function, synapse formation, response to damage and repair and an increasingly recognised active role in pain syndromes.

Pulsed Nd: YAG laser induces pulpal analgesia: a randomized clinical trial.

This double-blind, randomized, clinical trial investigated the effectiveness and underlying mechanism of neural inhibition of pulsed Nd:YAG laser induction of pulpal analgesia compared with 5% EMLA anesthetic cream. Forty-four paired premolars from 44 orthodontic patients requiring bilateral premolar extraction from either dental arch were randomly assigned to the 'Laser plus Sham-EMLA' or 'EMLA plus Sham-Laser' treatment group. Analgesia was tested by an Electric Pulp Tester (EPT) and the cutting of a standardized cavity, which was terminated when participants reported sensitivity, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and numbness were recorded.

Electrophysiological effects of single point transcutaneous 650 and 808 nm laser irradiation of rat sciatic nerve: a study of relevance for low-level laser therapy and laser acupuncture.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of transcutaneous 650 and 808 nm laser irradiation (LI) to a single point overlying rat sciatic nerve; a comparison to four point LI and relevance to the clinical application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and laser acupuncture (LA).

Background Data: Transcutaneous LI inhibits somatosensory and motor conduction when delivered to four points overlying sciatic nerve; however, effects of the same total energy delivered to a single point over the nerve, equating to laser acupuncture, are undefined.

Methods: Transcutaneous 808 nm, 450 mW, (13.

Real-Time Translocation and Function of PKCβII Isoform in Response to Nociceptive Signaling via the TRPV1 Pain Receptor.

Serine/threonine protein kinase C βII isoform (PKCβII) or the pain receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) have been separately implicated in mediating heat hyperalgesia during inflammation or diabetic neuropathy. However, detailed information on the role of PKC βII in nociceptive signaling mediated by TRPV1 is lacking. This study presents evidence for activation and translocation of the PKC βII isoform as a signaling event in nociception mediated by activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin.

CIDP - the relevance of recent advances in Schwann cell/axonal neurobiology.

Early pathological studies in patients with acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies, and the animal model experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) showed similarities in the process of demyelination. These studies focused on compact myelin proteins and peptides as targets of immune attack in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), and EAN. However, serological studies in patients with subsets of GBS highlighted the importance of gangliosides - glycolipids enriched in non-compact Schwann cell regions and the node, paranodal, and internodal axolemma.

Inhibitory effects of laser irradiation on peripheral mammalian nerves and relevance to analgesic effects: a systematic review.

Objective: The objective of this review was to systematically identify experimental studies of non-ablative laser irradiation (LI) on peripheral nerve morphology, physiology, and function. The findings were then evaluated with special reference to the neurophysiology of pain and implications for the analgesic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT).

Background: LLLT is used in the treatment of pain, and laser-induced neural inhibition has been proposed as a mechanism.

Protein kinase C modulation of thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential channels: Implications for pain signaling.

A variety of molecules are reported to be involved in chronic pain. This review outlines the specifics of protein kinase C (PKC), its isoforms and their role in modulating thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPV1-4, TRPM8, and TRPA1. Anatomically, PKC and thermo-sensitive TRPs are co-expressed in cell bodies of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which are used as physiological correlates of peripheral and central projections involved in pain transmission.

Genes implicated in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis from consilience of genotyping and expression profiles in relapse and remission.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the pathogenesis of MS remains unknown, it is widely regarded as an autoimmune disease mediated by T-lymphocytes directed against myelin proteins and/or other oligodendrocyte epitopes.

Methods: In this study we investigated the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood cells from patients with RRMS during the relapse and the remission phases utilizing gene microarray technology.

Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human blood-brain-barrier cells: implications for immune tolerance and neurotoxicity.

The catabolic pathway of l-tryptophan (l-trp), known as the kynurenine pathway (KP), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of brain diseases through its ability to lead to immune tolerance and neurotoxicity. As endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) are among the first brain-associated cells that a blood-borne pathogen would encounter, we sought to determine their expression of the KP. Using RT-PCR and HPLC/GC-MS, we show that BBB ECs and pericytes constitutively express components of the KP.

A microwave technique for double indirect immunostaining of human brain tissue cultures with mouse monoclonal antibodies.

The use of 2 monoclonal antibodies during double immunohistochemistry would enable the use of a greater variety of antibody combinations. Here, we demonstrate a simple, cost effective method of double indirect immunostaining of cultured cells using primary antibodies from the same species. This method uses microwaving of cell samples immediately after the application of the first secondary antibody, and significantly reduces the level of nonspecific staining.

830 nm laser irradiation induces varicosity formation, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and blocks fast axonal flow in small and medium diameter rat dorsal root ganglion neurons: implications for the analgesic effects of 830 nm laser.

We report the formation of 830 nm (cw) laser-induced, reversible axonal varicosities, using immunostaining with beta-tubulin, in small and medium diameter, TRPV-1 positive, cultured rat DRG neurons. Laser also induced a progressive and statistically significant decrease (p<0.005) in MMP in mitochondria in and between static axonal varicosities.

Increased sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1 by PMA occurs through PKCepsilon-mediated phosphorylation at S800.

Important mechanisms that regulate inhibitory and facilitatory effects on TRPV1-mediated nociception are desensitization and phosphorylation, respectively. Using Ca2+-imaging, we have previously shown that desensitization of TRPV1 upon successive capsaicin applications was reversed by protein kinase C activation in dorsal root ganglion neurons and CHO cells. Here, using both Ca2+-imaging and patch-clamp methods, we show that PMA-induced activation of PKCepsilon is essential for increased sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1.

Marked differences in the structures and protein associations of lymphocyte and monocyte CD4: resolution of a novel CD4 isoform.

The structures, molecular interactions and functions of CD4 in a subset of T lymphocytes have been well characterized. The CD4 receptors of other cell types have, however, been poorly documented. We have previously shown that lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages differ in their expression of CD4 monomers and dimers.

Gene expression and genotyping studies implicate the interleukin 7 receptor in the pathogenesis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an enigmatic disease of the central nervous system resulting in sclerotic plaques with the pathological hallmarks of demyelination and axonal damage, which can be directly or indirectly orchestrated by cells from the peripheral circulation. The majority of patients with MS follow a relapsing-remitting course in the early stages of the disease (RRMS) but most ultimately enter a secondary progressive phase (SPMS). About 10% of patients follow a primary progressive course from the onset (PPMS).

Mechanisms of embryonal tumor initiation: distinct roles for MycN expression and MYCN amplification.

The mechanisms causing persistence of embryonal cells that later give rise to tumors is unknown. One tumorigenic factor in the embryonal childhood tumor neuroblastoma is the MYCN protooncogene. Here we show that normal mice developed neuroblast hyperplasia in paravertebral ganglia at birth that completely regressed by 2 weeks of age.

Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzymes in human microglia and macrophages.

There is good evidence that the kynurenine pathway (KP) and one of its products, quinolinic acid (QUIN) play a role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Monocytic cells are known to be the major producers of QUIN. However, macrophages have the ability to produce approximately 20 to 30-fold more QUIN than microglia.

Activation of protein kinase C reverses capsaicin-induced calcium-dependent desensitization of TRPV1 ion channels.

Ca2+ selective ion channels of vanilloid receptor subtype-1 (TRPV1) in capsaicin-sensitive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and TRPV1 transfected Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells are desensitized following calcium-dependent tachyphylaxis induced by successive applications of 100 nM capsaicin. Tachyphylaxis of TRPV1 to 100 nM capsaicin stimuli was not observed in the absence of extracellular calcium. Capsaicin sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1 ion channels recovered on application of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA).

Ca2+-ATPase isoforms are expressed in neuroprotection in rat, but not human, neurons.

Glutamate excitotoxicity has been implicated in neuronal death and damage in many neurodegenerative disorders. The potential neuroprotective role of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) and the NMDA receptor were investigated in rat and human brain neurons after a glutamate insult. Investigation of potential mechanisms of neuronal survival revealed that surviving rat cerebellar granule cells expressed the mRNA of new PMCA isoforms 2b and 2c.

Use of human fetal tissue for biomedical research in Australia, 1994-2002.

Human fetal tissue is a scarce resource that has been used in Australia for biomedical research since 1980. From 1994 to 2002, it has been used for research by 19 biomedical researchers at 12 separate Australian institutions (four universities, six major teaching hospitals and two research institutes). With an average of 265 samples distributed annually, researchers have conducted experiments in biomedical research with the approval of their Human Ethics Committees, and published 74 manuscripts in peer reviewed journals over the past decade.