Becoming a leader for underserved patients-the importance of student run free clinics.

Many students enter medical school with aspirations of expanding healthcare to underserved communities and reducing healthcare access barriers; yet they lack the leadership skills to achieve this goal. This perspective discusses the role of student-run free clinics in developing medical students' leadership abilities-problem-solving, partnership building, planning, decision-making, and resource acquisition-to address the healthcare needs of marginalized patient populations. It also discusses how fostering leadership skills in the context of serving underserved patients also develops medical students' structural competency and thus awareness of how inequities embedded within hierarchies and social institutions shape health outcomes.

Detection and analysis of Shiga toxin producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in cattle from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathovars that affect mainly infants' health. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing strains recovered from bovine carcasses in Uruguay.

Introduction: Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen that cause food-borne diseases in humans. Cattle and derived foodstuffs play a known role as reservoir and vehicles, respectively. In Uruguay, information about the characteristics of circulating STEC in meat productive chain is scarce.

Importance of Microbiome of Fecal Samples Obtained from Adolescents with Different Weight Conditions on Resistance Gene Transfer.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a relevant public health problem worldwide, and microbiome bacteria may contribute to the horizontal gene transfer associated with antimicrobial resistance. The microbiome of fecal samples from Mexican adolescents were analyzed and correlated with eating habits, and the presence of AMR genes on bacteria in the microbiome was evaluated. Fecal samples from adolescents were collected and processed to extract genomic DNA.

Characterization of commensal Escherichia coli isolates from slaughtered sheep in Mexico.

Introduction: Commensal Escherichia coli is defined as bacteria without known virulence factors that could be playing a specific role in some diseases; however, they could be responsible to disseminate antimicrobial resistance genes to other microorganisms. This study aimed to characterize the commensal E. coli isolates obtained from slaughtered sheep in the central region of Mexico.

Diversity of Potentially Pathogenic O104 and O9 Serogroups Isolated before 2011 from Fecal Samples from Children from Different Geographic Regions.

In 2011, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) was reported in Europe that was related to a hybrid STEAEC of () O104:H4 strain. The current study aimed to analyze strains of O104 and O9 isolated before 2011. The study included 47 strains isolated from children with and without diarrhea between 1986 and 2009 from different geographic regions, as well as seven reference strains.

Potential Zoonotic Pathovars of Diarrheagenic Detected in Lambs for Human Consumption from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.

Diarrheagenic (DEC) pathovars impact childhood health. The southern region of Argentina shows the highest incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children of the country. The big island of Tierra del Fuego (TDF) in Argentina registered an incidence of five cases/100,000 inhabitants of HUS in 2019.

PD-L1 expression by dendritic cells is a key regulator of T-cell immunity in cancer.

Inhibiting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway is one of the most effective approaches to cancer immunotherapy, but its mechanistic basis remains incompletely understood. Binding of PD-1 to its ligand PD-L1 suppresses T-cell function in part by inhibiting CD28 signaling. Tumor cells and infiltrating myeloid cells can express PD-L1, with myeloid cells being of particular interest as they also express B7-1, a ligand for CD28 and PD-L1.

Tracing Back the Evolutionary Route of Enteroinvasive (EIEC) and Through the Example of the Highly Pathogenic O96:H19 EIEC Clone.

Enteroinvasive (EIEC) cause intestinal illness through the same pathogenic mechanism used by spp. The latter species can be typed through genomic and phenotypic methods used for and have been proposed for reclassification within species. Recently the first appearance of a highly pathogenic EIEC O96:H19 was described in Europe as the causative agent of two large outbreaks that occurred in Italy and in the United Kingdom.

Phage Display Detection of Mimotopes that Are Shared Epitopes of Clinically and Epidemiologically Relevant Enterobacteria.

Background: and are etiologic agents of intestinal infections. A previous study showed the presence of shared epitopes between lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of O157 and .

Aim: Using phage display, the aim of this study is to identify mimotopes of shared epitopes in different enterobacterial LPSs.

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shiga toxin-producing harboring antimicrobial resistance genes obtained from a farmhouse.

Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) colonize the gastrointestinal tract of animals; however, STEC may also cause severe diarrheal diseases. Food-producing animals have been acting as reservoirs and disseminators of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs); however, there are few studies characterizing molecularly bacterial isolates from sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize isolates obtained from feces of sheep in a Brazilian farmhouse.

Characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) obtained from feces of sheep in Brazil.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic pathogens and may induce severe diarrheagenic diseases in humans and other animals. Non-O157 STEC have been emerging as important pathogens causing outbreaks worldwide. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials has become a global public health problem, which involves different ecological spheres, including animals.

Molecular and phenotypic characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from groundwater in rural areas in southern Brazil.

Water-borne diseases like diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC)-induced gastroenteritis are major public health problems in developing countries. In this study, the microbiological quality of water from mines and shallow wells was analyzed for human consumption. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of DEC strains was performed.

Diarrheagenic Associated with Acute Gastroenteritis in Children from Soriano, Uruguay.

Introduction: Acute diarrheal disease still deserves worldwide attention due to its high morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. While etiologic determination is not mandatory for management of all individual cases, it is needed for generating useful epidemiologic knowledge. Diarrheagenic (DEC) are relevant enteropathogens, and their investigation requires specific procedures to which resources and training should be dedicated in reference laboratories.

Characterization of Diarrheagenic Strains of Isolated From Cattle Raised in Three Regions of Mexico.

Intestinal infections represent an important public health concern worldwide. is one of the main bacterial agents involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. In 2011, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Germany was related to a non-O157 STEC strain of O104:H4 serotype.

The Kinase Activity of Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 Is Essential for the Regulation of T Cell Function.

We examined hematopoietic protein kinase 1 (HPK1), whose reliance on scaffold versus kinase functions for negative immune cell regulation is poorly understood and critical to its assessment as a viable drug target. We identify kinase-dependent roles for HPK1 in CD8 T cells that restrict their anti-viral and anti-tumor responses by using HPK1 kinase-dead (HPK1.kd) knockin mice.

Detection and Characterization of Enteropathogenic and Shiga Toxin-Producing Strains in spp. from Buenos Aires.

Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) are pathovars of that impact human health by causing childhood diseases. In this work, 118 synanthropic rodents of the genus from Buenos Aires, Argentina were evaluated as EPEC and STEC carriers. Rectal swab samples from captured animals were evaluated by conventional PCR to detect the presence of the , 1, 2, and O157 genes.

Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from Cheese Made from Unpasteurized Milk in Brazil.

Cow raw milk cheese is widely eaten in Brazil. These products may be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. In this work, we investigated the presence of Escherichia coli in raw milk cheese from different States in Brazil.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy humans in Mexico, including subclone ST131-B2-O25:H4-H30-Rx.

Objectives: The resistance mechanisms, molecular type and plasmid content of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from faecal samples of healthy volunteers in Puebla, Mexico, were characterised.

Methods And Results: Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were recovered from 11 (18%) of 60 healthy volunteers.

Tumour and host cell PD-L1 is required to mediate suppression of anti-tumour immunity in mice.

Expression of PD-L1, the ligand for T-cell inhibitory receptor PD-1, is one key immunosuppressive mechanism by which cancer avoids eradication by the immune system. Therapeutic use of blocking antibodies to PD-L1 or its receptor PD-1 has produced unparalleled, durable clinical responses, with highest likelihood of response seen in patients whose tumour or immune cells express PD-L1 before therapy. The significance of PD-L1 expression in each cell type has emerged as a central and controversial unknown in the clinical development of immunotherapeutics.

Occurrence of Hybrid Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh.

Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) are important causes of diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Although ruminant animals are the main source of STEC, diarrhea due to this pathotype is very low in Bangladesh where ETEC remains the predominant group associated with childhood diarrhea. In the present study, strains ( = 35) isolated from Bangladesh livestock (goats, sheep, and cattle) and poultry (chicken and ducks) were analyzed for the presence of major virulence factors, such as Shiga toxins (STX-1 and STX-2), heat-labile toxin, and heat-stable toxins (STa and STb).

Immunogenic peptide mimotopes from an epitope of Escherichia coli O157 LPS.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a subtype of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli that is associated with haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Studies of populations in endemic areas have reported that the presence of specific antibodies against the O157 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with a lower incidence of diarrhoea and HUS.

UPEC strain characterization isolated from Mexican patients with recurrent urinary infections.

Introduction: Any microorganism is capable of causing urinary tract infections (UTI). However, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for the majority of UTI. A variety of virulence genes have been identified in UPEC.

pEntYN10 a plasmid of Escherichia coli O169:H41 associated with adherence and toxin production.

In this issue of Virulence, Ban E et al. described the complete sequence of the pEntYN10 plasmid of Escherichia coli O169:H41. The plasmid has 182 coding sequences (CDs); among the identified CDs, some were identified as colonization factors (CFs), one was an enterotoxin and others were insertion sequences (IS).

Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children from households with high socioeconomic level in uruguay.

Infectious diarrhea, a common disease of children, deserves permanent monitoring in all social groups. To know the etiology and clinical manifestations of acute diarrhea in children up to 5 years of age from high socioeconomic level households, we conducted a descriptive, microbiological, and clinical study. Stools from 59 children with acute community-acquired diarrhea were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms and signs.