Transcriptomic data reveals the dynamics of terpenoids biosynthetic pathway of fenugreek.

Medicinal plants are rich sources for treating various diseases due their bioactive secondary metabolites. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used in human nutrition and medicine which contains an active substance, called diosgenin, with anticancer properties. Biosynthesis of this important anticancer compound in fenugreek can be enhanced using eliciting agents which involves in manipulation of metabolite and biochemical pathways stimulating defense responses.

The Capsicum terpenoid biosynthetic module is affected by spider-mite herbivory.

In response to herbivory, Capsicum annuum leaves adapt their specialized metabolome that may protect the plant against herbivore feeding either directly or indirectly through volatile metabolites acting as cues for natural enemies of the herbivore. The volatile blend of spider-mite infested leaves differs from non-challenged leaves predominantly by a higher contribution of mono- and sesquiterpenes. In addition to these terpenoids released into the headspace, the terpenoid composition of the leaves alters upon herbivory.

Heterologous Production of Artemisinin in by Direct in vivo Assembly of Multiple DNA Fragments.

The sesquiterpene lactone compound artemisinin is a natural medicinal product of commercial importance. This -derived secondary metabolite is well known for its antimalarial activity and has been studied in several other biological assays. However, the major shortcoming in its production and commercialization is its low accumulation in the native plant.

Individual lipid transfer proteins from Tanacetum parthenium show different specificity for extracellular accumulation of sesquiterpenes.

A highly specialized function for individual LTPs for different products from the same terpenoid biosynthesis pathway is described and the function of an LTP GPI anchor is studied. Sequiterpenes produced in glandular trichomes of the medicinal plant Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) accumulate in the subcuticular extracellular space. Transport of these compounds over the plasma membrane is presumably by specialized membrane transporters, but it is still not clear how these hydrophobic compounds are subsequently transported over the hydrophilic cell wall.

Physiological Response of to Indole.

The aromatic heterocyclic compound indole is widely spread in nature. Due to its floral odor indole finds application in dairy, flavor, and fragrance products. Indole is an inter- and intracellular signaling molecule influencing cell division, sporulation, or virulence in some bacteria that synthesize it from tryptophan by tryptophanase.

Insights into Heterologous Biosynthesis of Arteannuin B and Artemisinin in .

Metabolic engineering is an integrated bioengineering approach, which has made considerable progress in producing terpenoids in plants and fermentable hosts. Here, the full biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin, originating from , was integrated into the moss . Different combinations of the five artemisinin biosynthesis genes were ectopically expressed in to study biosynthesis pathway activity, but also to ensure survival of successful transformants.

Transient production of artemisinin in Nicotiana benthamiana is boosted by a specific lipid transfer protein from A. annua.

Our lack of full understanding of transport and sequestration of the heterologous products currently limit metabolic engineering in plants for the production of high value terpenes. For instance, although all genes of the artemisinin/arteannuin B (AN/AB) biosynthesis pathway (AN-PW) from Artemisia annua have been identified, ectopic expression of these genes in Nicotiana benthamiana yielded mostly glycosylated pathway intermediates and only very little free (dihydro)artemisinic acid [(DH)AA]. Here we demonstrate that Lipid Transfer Protein 3 (AaLTP3) and the transporter Pleiotropic Drug Resistance 2 (AaPDR2) from A.

The role of calcium in improving photosynthesis and related physiological and biochemical attributes of spring wheat subjected to simulated acid rain.

The response of photosynthesis parameters, catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde, proline, chlorophyll, yield and yield components to foliar application of calcium and simulated acid rain in wheat were investigated. Foliar treatment of calcium led to significant increases in the photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, proline, chlorophyll, yield and yield components in plants subjected to acid rain. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in the wheat leaves decreased because of calcium foliar application.