Wolbachia supergroups A and B in natural populations of medically important filth flies (diptera: muscidae, calliphoridae, and sarcophagidae) in Thailand.

Filth flies, belonging to suborder Brachycera (Family; Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae), are a major cause of nuisance and able to transmit pathogens to humans and animals. These insects are distributed worldwide and their populations are increasing especially in sub-tropical and tropical areas. One strategy for controlling insects employs Wolbachia, which is a group of maternally inherited intracellular bacteria, found in many insect species.

Phospholipase A2 genes and their expressions in Thai Russell's viper venom glands.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a multi-functional enzyme found in many snake venoms and exists in several isoforms. PLA2 causes a variety of pathological effects including anticoagulant, edema, and platelet aggregation inhibition. Here, we reported the cDNA and gene sequences of PLA2 and their expressions in Thai Russell's viper (RV) Daboia russellii siamensis venom glands.