Insight into metabolic sensors of nitrosative stress protection in .

, a representative of phytopathogenic oomycetes, have been proven to cope with redundant sources of internal and host-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS). To gain insight into its nitrosative stress resistance mechanisms, metabolic sensors activated in response to nitrosative challenge during both growth and colonization of the host plant were investigated. The conducted analyses of gene expression, protein accumulation, and enzyme activity reveal for the first time that (avirulent MP946 and virulent MP977 toward potato cv.

Metabolism of crown tissue is crucial for drought tolerance and recovery after stress cessation in Lolium/Festuca forage grasses.

A process of plant recovery after drought cessation is a complex trait which has not been fully recognized. The most important organ associated with this phenomenon in monocots, including forage grasses, is the crown tissue located between shoots and roots. The crown tissue is a meristematic crossroads for metabolites and other compounds between these two plant organs.

Scavenging of nitric oxide up-regulates photosynthesis under drought in Festuca arundinacea and F. glaucescens but reduces their drought tolerance.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be involved in the regulation of many physiological processes in plants. Though the contribution of NO in plant response to drought has been demonstrated in numerous studies, this phenomenon remains still not fully recognized. The research presented here was performed to decipher the role of NO metabolism in drought tolerance and the ability to recover after stress cessation in two closely related species of forage grasses, important for agriculture in European temperate regions: Festuca arundinacea and F.

The Role of Triacylglycerol in the Protection of Cells against Lipotoxicity under Drought in Lolium multiflorum/Festucaarundinacea Introgression Forms.

Triacylglycerol is a key lipid compound involved in maintaining homeostasis of both membrane lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) in plant cells under adverse environmental conditions. However, its role in the process of lipid remodeling has not been fully recognized, especially in monocots, including grass species. For our study, two closely related introgression forms of Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), distinct in their level of drought tolerance, were selected as plant models to study rearrangements in plant lipidome under water deficit and further re-watering.

-Triggered Cell Enlargement and Loss of Cellular Integrity in Root Systems Are Mediated by Pectin Demethylation.

Gall formation on the belowground parts of plants infected with is the result of extensive host cellular reprogramming. The development of these structures is a consequence of increased cell proliferation followed by massive enlargement of cells colonized with the pathogen. Drastic changes in cellular growth patterns create local deformities in the roots and hypocotyl giving rise to mechanical tensions within the tissue of these organs.

Phloem exudate metabolic content reflects the response to water-deficit stress in pea plants (Pisum sativum L.).

Drought stress impacts the quality and yield of Pisum sativum. Here, we show how short periods of limited water availability during the vegetative stage of pea alters phloem sap content and how these changes are connected to strategies used by plants to cope with water deficit. We have investigated the metabolic content of phloem sap exudates and explored how this reflects P.

Freezing Tolerance of Introgression Forms is Associated with the High Activity of Antioxidant System and Adjustment of Photosynthetic Activity under Cold Acclimation.

Though winter-hardiness is a complex trait, freezing tolerance was proved to be its main component. Species from temperate regions acquire tolerance to freezing in a process of cold acclimation, which is associated with the exposure of plants to low but non-freezing temperatures. However, mechanisms of cold acclimation in grasses, important for forage production in Europe, have not been fully recognized.

Adjustment of Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Activities to Water Deficit Is Crucial in the Drought Tolerance of Introgression Forms.

introgression forms have been proved several times to be good models to identify key components of grass metabolism involved in the mechanisms of tolerance to water deficit. Here, for the first time, a relationship between photosynthetic and antioxidant capacities with respect to drought tolerance of these forms was analyzed in detail. Two closely related introgression forms distinct in their ability to re-grow after cessation of prolonged water deficit in the field were selected and subjected to short-term drought in pots to dissect precisely mechanisms of drought tolerance in this group of plants.

Efficient root metabolism improves drought resistance of Festuca arundinacea.

Festuca arundinacea is a model to work on the mechanisms of drought resistance in grasses. The crucial components of that resistance still remain not fully recognized. It was suggested that deep root system could be a crucial trait for drought avoidance strategy but the other components of root performance under water deficit have not paid much attention of scientists.

Identification of Proteomic Components Associated with Resistance to Head Blight in Rye.

Rye was used here to dissect molecular mechanisms of resistance to head blight (FHB) and to go deeper with our understanding of that process in cereals. -damaged kernels of two lines different in their potential of resistance to FHB were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify resistance markers. The proteome profiling was accompanied by measurements of α- and β-amylase activities and mycotoxin content.

Structural and metabolic alterations in root systems under limited water conditions in forage grasses of Lolium-Festuca complex.

Drought resistance is a crucial attribute of plants and to properly decipher its mechanisms, a valuable plant model is required. Lolium multiflorum is a forage grass characterized by a low level of abiotic stress resistance, whereas Festuca arundinacea is recognized as a species with drought resistance, including both stress avoidance and tolerance strategies. These two species can be crossed with each other.

Remodeling of chloroplast proteome under salinity affects salt tolerance of Festuca arundinacea.

Acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus to variable environmental conditions is an important component of tolerance to dehydration stresses, including salinity. The present study deals with the research on alterations in chloroplast proteome of the forage grasses. Based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, two genotypes of a model grass species-Festuca arundinacea with distinct levels of salinity tolerance: low salt tolerant (LST) and high salt tolerant (HST), were selected.

Insight into cellular proteome of Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea introgression forms to decipher crucial mechanisms of cold acclimation in forage grasses.

Frost tolerance is the main component of winter-hardiness. To express this trait, plants sense low temperature, and respond by activating the process of cold acclimation. The molecular mechanisms of this acclimation have not been fully understood in the agronomically important group of forage grasses, including Lolium-Festuca species.

Dissection of resistance to Microdochium nivale in Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea introgression forms.

The potential of resistance to Microdochium nivale is still not recognized for numerous plant species. The forage grasses of Lolium-Festuca complex are important for grass-biomass production in the temperate regions. Lolium multiflorum is a grass with a high forage quality and productivity but also a relatively low resistance to M.

Karyotype reshufflings of Festuca pratensis × Lolium perenne hybrids.

Many different processes have an impact on the shape of plant karyotype. Recently, cytogenetic examination of Lolium species has revealed the occurrence of spontaneous fragile sites (FSs) associated with 35S rDNA regions. The FSs are defined as the chromosomal regions that are sensitive to forming gaps or breaks on chromosomes.

Abiotic stresses influence the transcript abundance of PIP and TIP aquaporins in Festuca species.

Festuca arundinacea and F. pratensis are the models in forage grasses to recognize the molecular basis of drought, salt and frost tolerance, respectively. Transcription profiles of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) aquaporin genes were obtained for leaves of Festuca species treated with different abiotic stimuli.

Host extracts induce changes in the proteome of plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum.

Fusarium proliferatum is a polyphagous pathogenic fungus able to infect many crop plants worldwide. Differences in proteins accumulated were observed when maize- and asparagus-derived F. proliferatum strains were exposed to host extracts prepared from asparagus, maize, garlic, and pineapple tissues.

Exploiting repetitive sequences and BAC clones in Festuca pratensis karyotyping.

The Festuca genus is thought to be the most numerous genus of the Poaceae family. One of the most agronomically important forage grasses, Festuca pratensis Huds. is treated as a model plant to study the molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance to winter stresses, including frost.

Alterations in Kernel Proteome after Infection with Fusarium culmorum in Two Triticale Cultivars with Contrasting Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight.

Highlight: The level of pathogen alpha-amylase and plant beta-amylase activities could be components of plant-pathogen interaction associated with the resistance of triticale to Fusarium head blight. Triticale was used here as a model to recognize new components of molecular mechanism of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) of two lines distinct in levels of resistance to FHB were applied into a proteome profiling using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to create protein maps and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify the proteins differentially accumulated between the analyzed lines.

Water Deficit Affects Primary Metabolism Differently in Two Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea Introgression Forms with a Distinct Capacity for Photosynthesis and Membrane Regeneration.

Understanding how plants respond to drought at different levels of cell metabolism is an important aspect of research on the mechanisms involved in stress tolerance. Furthermore, a dissection of drought tolerance into its crucial components by the use of plant introgression forms facilitates to analyze this trait more deeply. The important components of plant drought tolerance are the capacity for photosynthesis under drought conditions, and the ability of cellular membrane regeneration after stress cessation.

Remodeling of Leaf Cellular Glycerolipid Composition under Drought and Re-hydration Conditions in Grasses from the Lolium-Festuca Complex.

Drought tolerant plant genotypes are able to maintain stability and integrity of cellular membranes in unfavorable conditions, and to regenerate damaged membranes after stress cessation. The profiling of cellular glycerolipids during drought stress performed on model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana does not fully cover the picture of lipidome in monocots, including grasses. Herein, two closely related introgression genotypes of Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) × Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) were used as a model for other grass species to describe lipid rearrangements during drought and re-hydration.

MASTERS-D Study: A Prospective, Multicenter, Pragmatic, Observational, Data-Monitored Trial of Minimally Invasive Fusion to Treat Degenerative Lumbar Disorders, One-Year Follow-Up.

Unlabelled: The objective of the study is to assess effectiveness and safety of minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion (MILIF) for degenerative lumbar disorders (DLD) in daily surgical practice and follow up with patients for one year after surgery. A prospective, multicenter, pragmatic, monitored, international outcome study in patients with DLD causing back/leg pain was conducted (19 centers). Two hundred fifty-two patients received standard of care available in the centers.

Metabolite profiling during cold acclimation of Lolium perenne genotypes distinct in the level of frost tolerance.

Abiotic stresses, including low temperature, can significantly reduce plant yielding. The knowledge on the molecular basis of stress tolerance could help to improve its level in species of relatively high importance to agriculture. Unfortunately, the complex research performed so far mainly on model species and also, to some extent, on cereals does not fully cover the demands of other agricultural plants of temperate climate, including forage grasses.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) fertility: transcriptome and proteome analyses provide insight into flower and pollen development.

Commercial cultivars of garlic, a popular condiment, are sterile, making genetic studies and breeding of this plant challenging. However, recent fertility restoration has enabled advanced physiological and genetic research and hybridization in this important crop. Morphophysiological studies, combined with transcriptome and proteome analyses and quantitative PCR validation, enabled the identification of genes and specific processes involved in gametogenesis in fertile and male-sterile garlic genotypes.