Performance comparison: exome sequencing as a single test replacing Sanger sequencing.

Next generation sequencing tests are used routinely as first-choice tests in the clinic. However, systematic performance comparing the results of exome sequencing as a single test replacing Sanger sequencing of targeted gene(s) is still lacking. Performance comparison data are critically important for clinical case management.

The region preceding the C-terminal NWETF pentapeptide modulates baseline activity and aspartate inhibition of Escherichia coli Tar.

The Tar chemoreceptor-CheA-CheW ternary complex of Escherichia coli is a transmembrane allosteric enzyme in which binding of ligands to the periplasmic domain modulates the activity of CheA kinase. Kinase activity is also affected by reversible methylation of four glutamyl residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. E.

Tuning a bacterial chemoreceptor with protein-membrane interactions.

Chemoreceptors in Escherichia coli are homodimeric transmembrane proteins that convert environmental stimuli into intracellular signals controlling flagellar motion. Chemoeffectors bind to the extracellular (periplasmic) domain of the receptors, whereas their cytoplasmic domain mediates signaling and adaptation. The second transmembrane helix (TM2) connects these two domains.

Mutationally altered signal output in the Nart (NarX-Tar) hybrid chemoreceptor.

Signal-transducing proteins that span the cytoplasmic membrane transmit information about the environment to the interior of the cell. In bacteria, these signal transducers include sensor kinases, which typically control gene expression via response regulators, and methyl-accepting chemoreceptor proteins, which control flagellar rotation via the CheA kinase and CheY response regulator. We previously reported that a chimeric protein (Nart) that joins the ligand-binding, transmembrane, and linker regions of the NarX sensor kinase to the signaling and adaptation domains of the Tar chemoreceptor elicits a repellent response to nitrate and nitrite.

Cooperative signaling among bacterial chemoreceptors.

Four chemoreceptors in Escherichia coli mediate responses to chemicals in the environment. The receptors self-associate and localize to the cell poles. This aggregation implies that interactions among receptors are important parameters of signal processing during chemotaxis.