Injectate volumes needed to reach specific landmarks in s1 transforaminal epidural injections.

Objectives:   We identify the contrast volumes needed to reach specific landmarks during S1 transforaminal epidural injections (S1-TFEIs).

Design:   Prospective, nonrandomized, observational human study. Setting.

Injectate volumes needed to reach specific landmarks in lumbar transforaminal epidural injections.

Objectives: To identify the volumes of contrast material needed to reach specific landmarks during lumbar transforaminal epidural injections (L-TFEIs).

Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, observational human study.

Setting: Academic/private pain management practice.

Contrast flow selectivity during transforaminal lumbosacral epidural steroid injections.

Background: Lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections (LS-TFESIs) are an accepted procedure used in the comprehensive, conservative care for lumbar disc pathology and/or spinal stenosis induced low back pain with a radicular component. Historically, the terminology used to describe the transforaminal technique of instilling medications into the epidural space and/or exiting structures has varied. These procedures have also been referred to as either diagnostic or therapeutic selective nerve root blocks (SNRBs).