Natural variation in LONELY GUY-Like 1 regulates rice grain weight under warmer night conditions.

Global nighttime temperatures are rising at twice the rate of daytime temperatures and pose a challenge for rice (Oryza sativa) production. High nighttime temperature (HNT) stress affects rice yield by reducing grain weight, size, and fertility. Although the genes associated with these yield parameters have been identified and characterized under normal temperatures, the genetic basis of grain weight regulation under HNT stress remains less explored.

Alternative pathways leading to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants: lessons from the last 25 years.

l-Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an antioxidant with important roles in plant stress physiology, growth, and development. AsA also plays an essential role in human health, preventing scurvy. Humans do not synthesize AsA, which needs to be supplied via a diet rich in fresh produce.

A Novel High-Throughput Phenotyping Hydroponic System for Nitrogen Deficiency Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana.

High-throughput phenotyping enables the temporal detection of subtle changes in plant plasticity and adaptation to different conditions, such as nitrogen deficiency, in an accurate, nondestructive, and unbiased way. Here, we describe a protocol to assess the contribution of nitrogen addition or deprival using an image-based system to analyze plant phenotype. Thousands of images can be captured throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis, and those images can be used to quantify parameters such as plant growth (area, caliper length, diameter, etc.

An Automated High-Throughput Phenotyping System for Marchantia polymorpha.

High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) allows automation of fast and precise acquisition and analysis of digital images for the detection of key traits in real time. HTP improves characterization of the growth and development of plants in controlled environments in a nondestructive fashion. Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a very attractive model for studying the evolution of the physiological, cellular, molecular, and developmental adaptations that enabled plants to conquer their terrestrial environments.

Phenotypic characterization of lines overexpressing and in response to abiotic stresses.

Premise: (H-pyrophosphatase) and (-inositol oxygenase) are genes that, when overexpressed individually, enhance the growth and abiotic stress tolerance of plants. We propose that pyramiding and genes will further improve stress tolerance under water-limited and salt-stress conditions.

Methods: and reciprocal crosses were developed and phenomic approaches used to investigate the possible synergy between these genes.

Plant science decadal vision 2020-2030: Reimagining the potential of plants for a healthy and sustainable future.

Plants, and the biological systems around them, are key to the future health of the planet and its inhabitants. The Plant Science Decadal Vision 2020-2030 frames our ability to perform vital and far-reaching research in plant systems sciences, essential to how we value participants and apply emerging technologies. We outline a comprehensive vision for addressing some of our most pressing global problems through discovery, practical applications, and education.

Allelic variation in rice Fertilization Independent Endosperm 1 contributes to grain width under high night temperature stress.

A higher minimum (night-time) temperature is considered a greater limiting factor for reduced rice yield than a similar increase in maximum (daytime) temperature. While the physiological impact of high night temperature (HNT) has been studied, the genetic and molecular basis of HNT stress response remains unexplored. We examined the phenotypic variation for mature grain size (length and width) in a diverse set of rice accessions under HNT stress.

Characterization of the response to abiotic stresses of high ascorbate Arabidopsis lines using phenomic approaches.

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is a key antioxidant and enzyme cofactor in plants. Ascorbate controls cell division, affects cell expansion, and plays an important role in modulating plant senescence. It protects plants against reactive oxygen species that are produced in response to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Mechanisms underlying the enhanced biomass and abiotic stress tolerance phenotype of an Arabidopsis MIOX over-expresser.

-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is the first enzyme in the inositol route to ascorbate (L-ascorbic acid, AsA, vitamin C). We have previously shown that Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing have elevated foliar AsA content and displayed enhanced growth rate, biomass accumulation, and increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. In this work, we used a combination of transcriptomics, chromatography, microscopy, and physiological measurements to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating the phenotype of the MIOX4 line.

Three NPF genes in Arabidopsis are necessary for normal nitrogen cycling under low nitrogen stress.

Internal nitrogen (N) cycling is crucial to N use efficiency. For example, N may be remobilized from older, shaded leaves to young leaves near the apex that receive more direct sunlight, where the N can be used more effectively for photosynthesis. Yet our understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of N transport is limited.

eIFiso4G Augments the Synthesis of Specific Plant Proteins Involved in Normal Chloroplast Function.

The plant-specific translation initiation complex eIFiso4F is encoded by three genes in Arabidopsis ()-genes encoding the cap binding protein eIFiso4E () and two isoforms of the large subunit scaffolding protein eIFiso4G ( and ). To quantitate phenotypic changes, a phenomics platform was used to grow wild-type and mutant plants (, , , , and []) under various light conditions. Mutants lacking both eIFiso4G isoforms showed the most obvious phenotypic differences from the wild type.

DNA barcoding and TLC as tools to properly identify natural populations of the Mexican medicinal species Galphimia glauca Cav.

Galphimia glauca is a plant that is endemic to Mexico and has been commonly used since pre-Hispanic times to treat various illnesses, including central nervous system disorders and inflammation. The first studies investigating a natural population of G. glauca in Mexico showed that the plant has anxiolytic and sedative activities in mice and humans.

What is cost-efficient phenotyping? Optimizing costs for different scenarios.

Progress in remote sensing and robotic technologies decreases the hardware costs of phenotyping. Here, we first review cost-effective imaging devices and environmental sensors, and present a trade-off between investment and manpower costs. We then discuss the structure of costs in various real-world scenarios.

Characterization of Two L-Gulono-1,4-lactone Oxidases, AtGulLO3 and AtGulLO5, Involved in Ascorbate Biosynthesis.

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is an essential antioxidant for plants and animals. There are four known ascorbate biosynthetic pathways in plants: the L-galactose, L-gulose, D-galacturonate, and -inositol routes. These pathways converge into two AsA precursors: L-galactono-1,4-lactone and L-gulono-1,4-lactone (L-GulL).

PlantCV v2: Image analysis software for high-throughput plant phenotyping.

Systems for collecting image data in conjunction with computer vision techniques are a powerful tool for increasing the temporal resolution at which plant phenotypes can be measured non-destructively. Computational tools that are flexible and extendable are needed to address the diversity of plant phenotyping problems. We previously described the Plant Computer Vision (PlantCV) software package, which is an image processing toolkit for plant phenotyping analysis.

Resin Glycosides from Ipomoea alba Seeds as Potential Chemosensitizers in Breast Carcinoma Cells.

Multidrug resistance is the expression of one or more efflux pumps, such as P-glycoprotein, and is a major obstacle in cancer therapy. The use of new potent and noncytotoxic efflux pump modulators, coadministered with antineoplastic agents, is an alternative approach for increasing the success rate of therapy regimes with different drug combinations. This report describes the isolation and structure elucidation of six new resin glycosides from moon vine seeds (Ipomoea alba) as potential mammalian multidrug-resistance-modifying agents.

Moderate to severe water limitation differentially affects the phenome and ionome of Arabidopsis.

Food security is currently one of the major challenges that we are facing as a species. Understanding plant responses and adaptations to limited water availability is key to maintain or improve crop yield, and this is even more critical considering the different projections of climate change. In this work, we combined two high-throughput -'omic' platforms ('phenomics' and 'ionomics') to begin dissecting time-dependent effects of water limitation in Arabidopsis leaves and ultimately seed yield.

Plant phenotyping: increasing throughput and precision at multiple scales.

In this special issue of Functional Plant Biology, we present a perspective of the current state of the art in plant phenotyping. The applications of automated and detailed recording of plant characteristics using a range of mostly non-invasive techniques are described. Papers range from tissue scale analysis through to aerial surveying of field trials and include model plant species such as Arabidopsis as well as commercial crops such as sugar beet and cereals.

Recent progress on the characterization of aldonolactone oxidoreductases.

L-Ascorbic acid (ascorbate, AsA, vitamin C) is essential for animal and plant health. Despite our dependence on fruits and vegetables to fulfill our requirement for this vitamin, the metabolic network leading to its formation in plants is just being fully elucidated. There is evidence supporting the operation of at least four biosynthetic pathways leading to AsA formation in plants.

Applying high-throughput phenotyping to plant-insect interactions: picturing more resistant crops.

Through automated image collection and analysis, high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) systems non-destructively quantify a diversity of traits in large plant populations. Some platforms collect data in greenhouses or growth chambers while others are field-based. Platforms also vary in the number and type of sensors, including visible, fluorescence, infrared, hyperspectral, and three-dimensional cameras that can detect traits within and beyond the visible spectrum.

Elevating vitamin C content via overexpression of -inositol oxygenase and l-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase in leads to enhanced biomass and tolerance to abiotic stresses.

l-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an abundant metabolite in plant cells and tissues. Ascorbate functions as an antioxidant, as an enzyme cofactor, and plays essential roles in multiple physiological processes including photosynthesis, photoprotection, control of cell cycle and cell elongation, and modulation of flowering time, gene regulation, and senescence. The importance of this key molecule in regulating whole plant morphology, cell structure, and plant development has been clearly established via characterization of low vitamin C mutants of , potato, tobacco, tomato, and rice.

Expression of α-DIOXYGENASE 1 in tomato and Arabidopsis contributes to plant defenses against aphids.

Plant α-dioxygenases (α-DOX) are fatty acid-hydroperoxidases that contribute to the synthesis of oxylipins, a diverse group of compounds primarily generated through oxidation of linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA). Oxylipins are implicated in plant signaling against biotic and abiotic stresses. We report here that the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) induces Slα-DOX1 but not Slα-DOX2 expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Ontogenetic changes in vitamin C in selected rice varieties.

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a key antioxidant for both plants and animals. In plants, ascorbate is involved in several key physiological processes including photosynthesis, cell expansion and division, growth, flowering, and senescence. In addition, ascorbate is an enzyme cofactor and a regulator of gene expression.

DNA barcoding of the Mexican sedative and anxiolytic plant Galphimia glauca.

Ethnopharmacology Relevance: Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) is a Mexican plant popularly used as a tranquilizer in the treatment of nervous system disorders, although it is also used to treat other common illnesses.

Aim Of The Study: The aim of this investigation is to find out if populations of Galphimia glauca collected in different regions and ecosystems in Mexico actually belong to the same species by using the contemporary technique of DNA barcodes. Our previous metabolic profiling study demonstrates that different collections of this plant obtained from various geographical areas exhibited diverse chemical profiles in terms of the active compounds named Galphimines.

Mammalian multidrug resistance lipopentasaccharide inhibitors from Ipomoea alba seeds.

As part of an ongoing project to identify inhibitors of multidrug efflux pumps, three new resin glycosides, albinosides I-III (1-3), were isolated from a CHCl(3)-soluble extract from the seeds of moon vine (Ipomoea alba). Their structures were established through NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as partially acylated branched pentasaccharides derived from three new glycosidic acids, named albinosinic acids A-C (4-6). The same oligosaccharide core formed by two D-quinovose, one D-glucose, and two L-rhamnose units was linked to either convolvulinolic or jalapinolic acid for 1 and 3, respectively.