Species Specific Antiviral Activity of Porcine Interferon-α8 (IFNα8).

Interferons (IFNs) have been known as antiviral genes and they are classified by type 1, type 2, and type 3 IFN. The type 1 IFN consists of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNτ, and IFNω whereas the type 2 IFN consists of only IFNγ, which is a key cytokine driving T helper cell type 1 immunity. IFNλ belongs to the type 3 IFN, which is also known as IL-28 and IL-29 possessing antiviral activities.

IL-32-induced Inflammatory Cytokines Are Selectively Suppressed by α1-antitrypsin in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells.

The induction of interleukin (IL)-32 in bone marrow (BM) inflammation is crucial in graft versus host disease (GvHD) that is a common side effect of allogeneic BM transplantation. Clinical trials on α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) in patients with GvHD are based on the preliminary human and mouse studies on AAT reducing the severity of GvHD. Proteinase 3 (PR3) is an IL-32-binding protein that was isolated from human urine.

Intracellular interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokine processing enzyme.

The interleukin (IL)-1 family is the largest family of interleukins. Eleven members of the IL-1 family of ligands are intracellular molecules, except a single isoform of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra; also known as IL-1RN), which contains a signal peptide at the N-terminus for effective secretion. The inflammasome is a complex of intracellular molecules that is responsible for the processing of IL-1β and IL-18, whereas the remaining IL-1 family members, including IL-1α, are processed in an inflammasome caspase-1-independent pathway.

Cytokine-like Activity of Liver Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein (L-FABP) Inducing Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6.

It has been reported that fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) do not act only as intracellular mediators of lipid responses but also have extracellular functions. This study aimed to investigate whether extracellular liver type (L)-FABP has a biological activity and to determined serum L-FABP levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We isolated L-FABP complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) from the Huh7 human hepatocarcinoma cell line and expressed the recombinant L-FABP protein in .

Proinsulin Shares a Motif with Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and Induces Inflammatory Cytokine via Interleukin-1 Receptor 1.

Although it has been established that diabetes increases susceptibility to infections, the role of insulin (INS) in the immune response is unknown. Here, we investigated the immunological function of INS. Proinsulin dimer (pINSd) was a potent immune stimulus that induced inflammatory cytokines, but mature INS was unable to induce an immune response.

Development of an interleukin (IL)-33 sandwich ELISA kit specific for mature IL-33.

Interleukin (IL)-33 is an inflammatory cytokine and belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines. There are eleven members of the IL-1 family of cytokines and all have important roles in host defense against infections. Their levels are increased during infection and in various auto-inflammatory diseases.

Reconstitution of ST2 (IL-1R4) specific for IL-33 activity; no suppression by IL-1Ra though a common chain IL-1R3 (IL-1RAcP) shared with IL-1.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) receptors are composed of ST2 (also known as IL-1R4), a ligand binding chain, and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP, also known as IL-1R3), a signal transducing chain. IL-1R3 is a common receptor for IL-1α, and IL-1β, IL-33, and three IL-36 isoforms. A549 human lung epithelial cells are highly sensitive to IL-1α and IL-1β but not respond to IL-33.

IL-32γ overexpression accelerates streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes.

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a cytokine produced by T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes and epithelial cells. There are five splicing variants (α, β, γ, δ, and ε) and IL-32γ is the most active isoform. We generated human IL-32γ transgenic (IL-32γ TG) mice, displaying a high level of IL-32γ expression in the pancreas.

Interleukin-32γ transgenic mice resist LPS-mediated septic shock.

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a cytokine and inducer of various proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as chemokines. There are five splicing variants (α, β, γ, delta, and epsilon) and IL-32γ is the most active isoform. We generated human IL-32γ transgenic (IL-32γ TG) mice to express high level of IL-32γ in various tissues, including immune cells.

Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on mouse model of steroid-induced avascular necrosis in the femoral head (ANFH).

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is commonly observed in patients treated with excessive glucocorticoid (GC). Single administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has shown to induce immune stimulatory factors. However, the effect of repeated administration of LPS on GC-induced ANFH has not been studied.

Application of a novel cell-permeable peptide-driven protein delivery in mouse blastocysts.

Cell-permeable peptides (CPPs) mediate the delivery of macromolecules into cells. However, whether CPPs are usable in mammalian oocytes and embryos for the modulation of protein expression has not been widely investigated. We have previously designed a novel 12-mer CPP from the conserved region of the human papillomavirus L1 capsid protein.

Effect of recombinant α1-antitrypsin Fc-fused (AAT-Fc)protein on the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor family that impedes the enzymatic activity of serine proteinases, including human neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and neutrophil proteinase 3. Here, we expressed recombinant AAT by fusing the intact AAT gene to the constant region of IgG1 to generate soluble recombinant AAT-Fc protein. The recombinant AAT-Fc protein was produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and purified using mini-protein A affinity chromatography.

The inhibitory function of Fc-ST2 depends on cell type; IL-1RAcP and ST2 are necessary but insufficient for IL-33 activity.

IL-33 (IL-1F11) is a member of IL-1 family ligand, which stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines. IL-33 receptor complex is comprised of IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and ST2 that are activated by IL-33 ligand binding. ST2 is a ligand-binding chain of the IL-33 receptor component, and the soluble ST2 form possesses antagonistic activity.

Elevated interleukin-32 expression in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Objective: To evaluate the role of IL-32 in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) patients and the relationship between IL-32 and disease activity, as PR3 has the ability to bind and activate IL-32, which has been described as a novel cytokine that induces inflammatory cytokines.

Methods: We investigated the level of IL-32, PR3, TNF-α and IL-6 in GPA patients by using ELISA. Northern blot was used to analyse the level of IL-32 mRNA in leucocytes of GPA patients.

Recombinant Fc-IL-18BPc isoform inhibits IL-18-induced cytokine production.

IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced from T cells and NK cells. IL-18 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a natural inhibitor of IL-18 that possesses higher affinity to IL-18 than that of the IL-18 receptor alpha chain on the cell surface.

Contradictory functions (activation/termination) of neutrophil proteinase 3 enzyme (PR3) in interleukin-33 biological activity.

IL-1 family ligand does not possess a typical hydrophobic signal peptide and needs a processing enzyme for maturation. The maturation process of IL-33 (IL-1F11), a new member of the IL-1 family ligand, remains unclear. Precursor IL-33 ligand affinity column isolates neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3) from human urinary proteins.

Identification of constitutively active interleukin 33 (IL-33) splice variant.

IL-33/IL-1F11 is a new member of the IL-1 family ligand and provokes T helper-type immune responses. IL-33 is the ligand of ST2 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) that triggers nuclear factor-κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and MAPK signaling. We discovered a novel short splice variant of IL-33 that was termed spIL-33.