Cancer Vaccines: Recent Insights and Future Directions.

The field of cancer immunotherapy has seen incredible advancements in the past decades. mRNA-based cancer vaccines generating de novo T cell responses, particularly against tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), have demonstrated promising clinical outcomes and overcome diverse challenges. Despite the high potential of neoantigens to provide personalized immunotherapies through their tumor specificity and immunogenicity, challenges related to the scarcity of immunogenic neoepitopes have prompted continuous research towards finding new tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and broader therapeutic frameworks, which may now learn from the genuine successes obtained with neoantigens.