Regional cerebral volume loss associated with verbal learning and memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Twenty-seven research participants with dementia of the Alzheimer type were studied with the California Verbal Learning Test (D. C. Delis, J.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland: a rare presentation in a young child.

Although mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm in childhood and adolescence, it is rarely found in children under the age of 10. A 6-year-old girl had an asymptomatic neck mass for 5 months. Clinical examination findings showed a 1.

Progressive cerebral volume loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a longitudinal volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group.

Objective: To compare rates and anatomical patterns of brain atrophy during 3 stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.

Design: Comparisons of multiple serial brain magnetic resonance images in men without HIV infection and HIV-infected men in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, Ga) stages A, B, and C.

Setting: Longitudinal cohort study of the San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, San Diego, Calif.

Monoclonal antibody interaction with the third immunoglobulin-like domain of N-CAM is sufficient to cause cell migration.

Cellular adhesion molecules can influence a variety of biological mechanisms in the nervous system. These range from the processes of normal development and maintenance to neural plasticity and recovery following injury. The elucidation of the intricate contributions of these molecules will require the correlation of functional assays with specific molecules and the specific binding domains of such molecules with multiple signaling pathways.

Reinnervation accuracy of the rat femoral nerve by motor and sensory neurons.

Previous studies in the rat femoral nerve have shown that regenerating motor neurons preferentially reinnervate a terminal nerve branch to muscle as opposed to skin, a process that has been called preferential motor reinnervation. However, the ability of sensory afferent neurons to accurately reinnervate terminal nerve pathways has been controversial. Within the dorsal root ganglia, sensory neurons projecting to muscle are interspersed with sensory neurons projecting to skin.

Association of dementia severity with cortical gray matter and abnormal white matter volumes in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Objective: To examine associations between dementia severity and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging measures of cortical gray matter volume and abnormal white matter volume in 52 patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer disease.

Design: Analysis of the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging volume measures and dementia severity using multiple regression and Pearson correlations.

Setting: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego.

Low body weight in Alzheimer's disease is associated with mesial temporal cortex atrophy.

There are reports of weight loss and low body mass index (BMI) in patients with AD. The mesial temporal cortex (MTC) is involved in feeding behavior and memory and is preferentially involved in AD. We studied 74 subjects, including 58 AD patients and 16 control subjects, to determine whether BMI is associated with atrophy of the MTC or other brain regions.

Monkey median nerve repaired by nerve graft or collagen nerve guide tube.

Nerve regeneration was followed in 15 median and 1 ulnar nerve of eight Macaca fascicularis monkeys by serial electrophysiological assessments over a period of three and a half years. Nerve gaps of 5 mm at the wrist were bridged by collagen-based nerve guides, nerve autografts, or direct suture repairs. Thenar muscle reinnervation occurred between 50 and 70 d for all groups, indicating axonal elongation rates of approximately 1 mm/d.

The fate of the osteotomized free radial forearm osteocutaneous flap in mandible reconstruction.

The radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap has become a standard method of mandible reconstruction. In order to improve the contour of the reconstructed jaw in large resections, especially the anterior defect, the radial forearm bone graft needs to be osteotomized. The bone graft is nourished by small branches of the radial artery via the fascial connections between the skin flap and bone.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in late-life schizophrenia.

Objective: This study compared morphometric analyses of brain regions in elderly subjects with early- or late-onset schizophrenia to identify structural abnormalities responsible for schizophrenia.

Method: Quantitative analyses of magnetic resonance images of the brain were performed in 16 patients with DSM-III-R-diagnosed late-onset schizophrenia (i.e.

Parathyroid cancer: clinical variations and relationship to autotransplantation.

Objective: To identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of parathyroid cancer to determine the best method of treatment and to prevent the use of malignant tissue for autotransplantation.

Design: A chart review over a 20-year period (1973 to 1993).

Setting: Two tertiary-care referral centres in Ontario with specialty interest in disease of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

The relationship of quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging measures to neuropathologic indexes of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Objective: To directly examine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities and neuropathologic changes in the brains of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Design: A total of 17 brains from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for which postmortem MRI scans were available were used in this study. Volumes of cortical gray matter, deep gray matter, and abnormal white matter were estimated from the MRIs of the left hemispheres of the formalin-fixed brains from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome using quantitative morphometric techniques.

Point sources of Schwann cells result in growth into a nerve entubulation repair site in the absence of axons: effects of freeze-thawing.

Axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system requires the comigration of Schwann cells along with or ahead of the growing neurites. The present studies were undertaken to elucidate some of the parameters that influence Schwann cell migration into a nerve wound site. We used a modification of an entubulation repair model with two isolated segments of denervated nerve to show that Schwann cells in vivo can bridge a 10-mm distance in the absence of axons.

Surgical patterns of venous drainage of the free forearm flap in head and neck reconstruction.

A retrospective review of 40 consecutive free forearm flaps used in head and neck reconstruction in our Head and Neck Service identified five different patterns of venous drainage. In type 1, the cephalic vein and two venae comitantes join into a larger median cubital vein, which itself splits into two sizable branches (n = 8, two anastomoses). In type 2, a median cubital vein drains both the cephalic vein and the two venae comitantes (n = 17, single anastomosis).

Magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of cerebral volume loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection. The HNRC Group.

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare male subjects seropositive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV positive), with and without medical symptoms, with two groups of men who were seronegative (HIV negative). The control subjects included men at high risk for exposure to HIV-1 and those at low risk. None of the HIV-positive subjects met criteria for HIV-associated dementia or had detectable opportunistic brain disease.

Postlaryngectomy quality-of-life dimensions identified by patients and health care professionals.

We compared the quality-of-life (QOL) dimensions after laryngectomy in patients with advanced larynx or pharynx cancer that were elicited from 20 consecutive laryngectomy patients and 20 health care professionals working in the Regional Head and Neck Oncology Service. Subjects in both groups were asked to identify important QOL items after recovery from laryngectomy and to rank and rate each on a vertical visual analogue scale. Health care professionals ranked impaired communication and self-image/self-esteem as the two most important QOL dimensions, whereas patients ranked the physical consequences of surgery, e.

Peripheral nerve repair with collagen conduits.

This paper describes the repair of peripheral nerves with a tubular conduit fabricated from collagen. The tubular collagen matrix was made semipermeable to permit nutrient exchange and accessibility of neurotrophic factors to the axonal growth zone during regeneration. In-vitro studies showed that the semipermeable collagen conduit allowed rapid diffusion of molecules the size of bovine serum albumin and was adequately cross-linked for controlled resorption in vivo.

Optimal conditions for immunohistochemical determination of the in vitro DNA synthesis labelling index with bromodeoxyuridine in head and neck cancer.

The in vitro DNA synthesis labelling index was assessed immunohistochemically in 24 freshly obtained specimens of head and neck cancer using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) as the DNA precursor to determine the influence of BrdUrd concentration on labelling index (LI). Initially, tumour fragments were incubated in varying concentrations of BrdUrd from 2 to 100 microM for 2 h, and BrdUrd was detected with an anti-BrdUrd monoclonal antibody using immunoperoxidase labelling. There was a dose-response gradient with mean LI varying from 1.

The free medial scapular osteofasciocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction.

A modification of the scapular free flap has been developed using the medial ridge of the scapula. This variation preserves the advantages of the previously described lateral scapular flap, providing abundant hairless skin and soft tissue, adequate bone for mandibular reconstruction, and a primarily closed asymptomatic and inconspicuous donor site. It adds the advantage of a longer vascular pedicle and enhanced versatility because it is independent of the parascapular artery.

Double-labeling of saphenous nerve neuron pools: a model for determining the accuracy of axon regeneration at the single neuron level.

We have developed a labeling procedure which accurately and consistently labels the original sensory pools projecting to their respective nerve branches as a model to quantify the accuracy of nerve regeneration at the single neuron level. Adult and juvenile rats had the saphenous branch of the femoral nerve transected just distal to the bifurcation of the nerve into a sensory branch (saphenous nerve) and a motor branch (nerve to the quadriceps muscle) and exposed to a 3% solution of 1,1'-di-octadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) for 1 h, and then reanastomosed. Two weeks later the sensory branch was redivided proximal to the previous site and labeled with a second tracer (5% fluorogold) using similar procedures.

A collagen-based nerve guide conduit for peripheral nerve repair: an electrophysiological study of nerve regeneration in rodents and nonhuman primates.

When a peripheral nerve is severed and left untreated, the most likely result is the formation of an endbulb neuroma; this tangled mass of disorganized nerve fibers blocks functional recovery following nerve injury. Although there are several different approaches for promoting nerve repair, which have been greatly refined over recent years, the clinical results of peripheral nerve repair remain very disappointing. In this paper we compare the results of a collagen nerve guide conduit to the more standard clinical procedure of nerve autografting to promote repair of transected peripheral nerves in rats and nonhuman primates.

Variation between human and animal isolates of Giardia as demonstrated by DNA fingerprinting.

Five Giardia stocks collected from animals and man in Alberta, Canada, were compared by DNA fingerprinting. Although many DNA bands were common to all stocks, differences in the DNA banding patterns were seen. These same stocks had previously been shown to be identical by restriction enzyme cleavage of genomic DNA.

Cerebral structure on MRI, Part I: Localization of age-related changes.

In this report, earlier findings of age-related changes in brain morphology on magnetic resonance (MR) images are extended to include measurements of individual cerebral grey matter structures and an index of white matter degeneration. Volumes of caudate, lenticular, and diencephalic structures are estimated, as are grey matter volumes in eight separate cortical regions. Results suggest that between 30 and 79 years significant decreases occur in the volume of the caudate nucleus, in anterior diencephalic structures, and in the grey matter of most cortical regions.

Sternocleidomastoid flap following parotidectomy.

The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle has been used in various ways for reconstruction following cancer resections in the head and neck. Its use has been restricted because of the presumed precarious nature of its blood supply and its proximity to disease. Patients with large or recurrent benign parotid tumors were the first in our series to have a SCM muscle flap (either superiorly or inferiorly based) used to improve cosmesis.

Modulation of the antitumor effect of methotrexate by low-dose leucovorin in squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Randomized trials comparing high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) plus leucovorin (LV) with standard-dose methotrexate (SDMTX) have not detected a therapeutic advantage for the HDMTX arm despite compelling evidence from experimental systems. We hypothesized that these negative trials might reflect modulation of the antitumor effect of methotrexate (MTX) by LV. To test this we randomized 61 patients with locally advanced and recurrent squamous cell head and neck cancer to receive SDMTX (40 mg/m2 weekly for 8 weeks) and either LV or placebo "rescue" starting 24 hours later.