Epidermal maintenance of Langerhans cells relies on autophagy-regulated lipid metabolism.

Macroautophagy (often-named autophagy), a catabolic process involving autophagy-related (Atg) genes, prevents the accumulation of harmful cytoplasmic components and mobilizes energy reserves in long-lived and self-renewing cells. Autophagy deficiency affects antigen presentation in conventional dendritic cells (DCs) without impacting their survival. However, previous studies did not address epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs).

Methodology investigation: Impact of crown geometry, crown, abutment and antagonist material and thermal loading on the two-body wear of dental materials.

Objectives: To investigate the impact of crown geometry, crown/abutment/antagonist material and thermal loading on the two-body wear of dental materials caused by chewing simulation.

Materials And Methods: For the crown geometry, crowns (polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and silicate ceramic (SiO)) were milled with a flat, steep, or medium cusp inclination (CINC). For the crown/abutment material, crowns (PMMA, PEEK and SiO) were combined with PMMA, polymer-infiltrated-ceramic-network (PICN), cobalt-chrome alloy (CoCr) and natural teeth (ENAM) abutments.

Positive and negative selection shape the human naive B cell repertoire.

Although negative selection of developing B cells in the periphery is well described, yet poorly understood, evidence of naive B cell positive selection remains elusive. Using 2 humanized mouse models, we demonstrate that there was strong skewing of the expressed immunoglobulin repertoire upon transit into the peripheral naive B cell pool. This positive selection of expanded naive B cells in humanized mice resembled that observed in healthy human donors and was independent of autologous thymic tissue.

Corrigendum: Lymphocyte Autophagy in Homeostasis, Activation, and Inflammatory Diseases.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.

ATG5 is required for B cell polarization and presentation of particulate antigens.

The involvement of macroautophagy/autophagy proteins in B-cell receptor (BCR) trafficking, although suspected, is not well understood. We show that ATG5 (autophagy related 5) contributes to BCR polarization after stimulation and internalization into LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1) and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) compartments. BCR polarization is crucial in the context of immobilized antigen processing.

Lymphocyte Autophagy in Homeostasis, Activation, and Inflammatory Diseases.

Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism, allowing the degradation of cytoplasmic content lysosomal activity. Several forms of autophagy are described in mammals. Macroautophagy leads to integration of cytoplasmic portions into vesicles named autophagosomes that ultimately fuse with lysosomes.

Severe combined immunodeficiency in stimulator of interferon genes (STING) V154M/wild-type mice.

Background: Autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in human stimulator of interferon genes (STING) lead to a severe autoinflammatory disease called STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy that is associated with enhanced expression of interferon-stimulated gene transcripts.

Objective: The goal of this study was to analyze the phenotype of a new mouse model of STING hyperactivation and the role of type I interferons in this system.

Methods: We generated a knock-in model carrying an amino acid substitution (V154M) in mouse STING, corresponding to a recurrent mutation seen in human patients with STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy.

CD4 T cell autophagy is integral to memory maintenance.

Studies of mice deficient for autophagy in T cells since thymic development, concluded that autophagy is integral to mature T cell homeostasis. Basal survival and functional impairments in vivo, limited the use of these models to delineate the role of autophagy during the immune response. We generated Atg5 distal Lck (dLck)-cre mice, with deletion of autophagy only at a mature stage.

[Autophagy in T and B cell homeostasis: recycling for sustainable growth].

Macroautophagy often abbreviated by "autophagy" is an intracellular degradation mechanism linked to lysosomal activity. Autophagy is conserved from yeast to mammals and plays a role in the response to energetic stress and in organelle homeostasis. Autophagy is also involved in the regulation of immunity, in particular in the adaptive immune response, which involves B and T lymphocytes.

Autophagy is dispensable for B-cell development but essential for humoral autoimmune responses.

To gain new insight into the role of B-cell autophagy, we generated two novel mouse models deficient for the autophagy-related gene (Atg)5, one from the outset pro-B cell stage (Atg5(f/-) Mb1 cre) and the other in mature B cells only (Atg5(f/-) CD21 cre). We show that autophagy is dispensable for pro- to pre-B cell transition, but necessary at a basal level to maintain normal numbers of peripheral B cells. It appears non-essential for B-cell activation under B-cell receptor stimulation but required for their survival after lipopolysaccharide stimulation that drives plasmablast differentiation and for specific IgM production after immunization.

Use of transfer impedance measurements for clinical assessment of lung mechanics.

Respiratory transfer impedance (Ztr) measured using the forced oscillation technique requires virtually no patient cooperation and provides a noninvasive approach for acquiring data reflective of lung mechanics. Also, model analysis of Ztr provides reliable estimates of separate airway and tissue properties (1), but only if data out to 64 Hz are acquired. The current study evaluated the clinical utility of Ztr from 1-80 Hz for assessing the degree and type of impaired lung function.