The accumulation of particles in ureteric stents is mediated by flow dynamics: Full-scale computational and experimental modeling of the occluded and unoccluded ureter.

Ureteric stents are clinically deployed to restore urinary drainage in the presence of ureteric occlusions. They consist of a hollow tube with multiple side-holes that enhance urinary drainage. The stent surface is often subject to encrustation (induced by crystals-forming bacteria such as ) or particle accumulation, which may compromise stent's drainage performance.

Engineering solutions to ureteral stents: material, coating and design.

Introduction: An ideal stent would offer simple insertion and removal with no discomfort and/or migration, it would have no biofilm formation or encrustation and would also maintain the patient's quality of life.

Material And Methods: In this mini-review, we outlined the engineering developments related to stent material, design and coating.

Results: There have been a wide variety of in-vitro, model-based, animal-based and clinical studies using a range of commercial and non-commercial stents.