Scoping review of initiation criteria for inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants (born <34 weeks) after 7 days of age.

Objectives: Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a known treatment for pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants after 7 days of age (postacute phase). However, a consensus regarding the optimal criteria for initiating iNO therapy in this population in the postacute phase is currently lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to identify the criteria for initiating iNO therapy, alongside the associated clinical and echocardiographic findings, in this population.

Percutaneous Drainage for Giant Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema in a Tiny Infant with a Birth Weight of 327 g.

Giant pulmonary cyst in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants has been described as one of severe pulmonary diseases. Any definitive therapy for refractory cases, where conservative methods of treatments are not effective, has not been established as a standard. Herein, we report an ELBW infant with a giant pulmonary cyst cured by percutaneous drainage without any adverse events.

Neurodevelopment and physical measurements in infants with birthweight of 500 grams or less.

Background: In infants born weighing ≤500 g, little has been studied about the association between neurodevelopmental prognosis and growth. This study aimed to evaluate the association between neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) and z-scores of physical measurements in infants born weighing ≤500 g.

Methods: A single-center, retrospective cohort study in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit in Japan.

NIV-NAVA versus NCPAP immediately after birth in premature infants: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To evaluate whether noninvasive-neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV-NAVA) decrease respiratory efforts compared to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) during the first hours of life.

Methods: Twenty infants born between 28 and 31 weeks were randomized to NIV-NAVA or NCPAP. Positive end-expiratory pressure was constantly kept at 6 cmHO for both groups and the NAVA level was 1.

Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Management of an Infant with a Birth Weight of 258 Grams.

Today, more infants weighing less than or equal to 300 g are born, and they survive because of the improvements in neonatal care and treatment. However, their detailed clinical course and neonatal intensive care unit management remain unknown due to their low survival rate and dearth of reports. A male infant was born at 24 weeks and 5 days of gestation and weighed 258 g.

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in ventilated very preterm infants: A crossover study.

Objective: To assess the effects of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) ventilation on oxygenation and respiratory parameters in preterm infants.

Study Design: An observational crossover study with a convenience sample of 19 infants born before 30 gestational weeks. Study parameters were recorded during 3-h periods of both NAVA and conventional ventilation.

Rapid respiratory transition at birth as evaluated by electrical activity of the diaphragm in very preterm infants supported by nasal CPAP.

Objective: To investigate breathing patterns during respiratory adaptation in preterm infants using the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) signal.

Patients: Infants born between 28 + 0 and 31 + 6 gestational weeks and supported by early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) were studied. The EAdi signal was recorded for 120 min after birth.

Non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist versus nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in preterm infants born before 30 weeks' gestation.

Background: Non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV-NAVA), a mode of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) controlled by diaphragmatic electrical activity, may be superior to other NIV as a respiratory support after extubation in preterm infants, but no report has compared NIV-NAVA with other NIV methods. We evaluated the effectiveness and adverse effects of NIV-NAVA after extubation in preterm infants <30 weeks of gestation.

Methods: This retrospective study involved patients who were born before 30 weeks of gestation.

Nasal high-flow therapy decreased electrical activity of the diaphragm in preterm infants during the weaning phase.

Aim: We evaluated whether nasal high-flow therapy was better than no respiratory support during the weaning phase in preterm infants.

Methods: The study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of the Turku University Hospital between September 2014 and August 2015. Preterm infants who were alternating between nasal high-flow therapy and unassisted breathing were enrolled.

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in extremely low-birthweight infants.

Background: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is expected to improve respiratory outcomes in preterm infants, but it has not yet been evaluated. We investigated whether NAVA could improve respiratory outcomes and reduce sedation use in extremely low-birthweight infants (ELBWI).

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on patient charts at the Nagano Children's Hospital neonatal intensive care unit, Japan.

A neonatal case of chronic granulomatous disease, initially presented with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) often presents with infectious illness, such as repeating bacterial and fungal infections, due to the inability to generate superoxide, which would destroy certain infectious pathogens, and is usually diagnosed in childhood. We describe a CGD case diagnosed in neonatal period, who initially presented with invasive aspergillosis. Neonatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is very rare and, to the best of our knowledge, this might be the youngest case in Japan.