Comparison of measurements and calculated lens power using three biometers: a Scheimpflug tomographer with partial coherence interferometry and two swept source optical coherence tomographers.

Purpose: To compare the biometric measurements obtained from the Pentacam AXL Wave, IOLMaster 700, and ANTERION and calculate the recommended intraocular lens power using the Barrett Formulae.

Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients who underwent biometry using the Pentacam AXL Wave, IOLMaster 700, and ANTERION. Flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length (AL) from each device were measured and compared.

Review of surgical devices using small aperture optics.

Small aperture optics work by blocking unfocused peripheral light rays while allowing central light rays to focus on the retina. This pinhole effect creates an extended depth of focus and has been used in presbyopia correction, improving intermediate and near vision without markedly affecting distance vision. Another beneficial effect of small aperture optics is reducing aberrations caused by irregular corneas or irregular pupils.

The impact of patient travel time on disparities in treatment for early stage lung cancer in California.

Background: Travel time to treatment facilities may impede the receipt of guideline-concordant treatment (GCT) among patients diagnosed with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (ES-NSCLC). We investigated the relative contribution of travel time in the receipt of GCT among ES-NSCLC patients.

Methods: We included 22,821 ES-NSCLC patients diagnosed in California from 2006-2015.

Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities in Health and Prevention Research for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Report From the 2021 National Institutes of Health Workshop.

Asian Americans (AsA), Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) comprise 7.7% of the U.S.

Adiposity, related biomarkers, and type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Program.

Objective: This study investigated associations of adiposity and adiposity-related biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) among parous women.

Methods: Among women in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) who reported a previous live birth, circulating biomarkers (leptin, adiponectin, sex hormone-binding globulin, and alanine aminotransferase; n = 1,711) were measured at enrollment (average: 12 years post partum). Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas at the L2-L3 region and the L3-L4 region were quantified by computed tomography (n = 477).

Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Mortality Risk in Women: The California Teachers Study.

Background: The evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and mortality risk is conflicting, and associations between various SSB subtypes and mortality remain unclear.

Objective: To examine the association between baseline SSB intake, subtypes of SSB intake, and mortality risk in women.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Association of abdominal muscle area and density with glucose regulation: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).

Aims: Previous characterisation of body composition as a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factor has largely focused on adiposity, but less is known about the independent role of skeletal muscle. We examined associations between abdominal muscle and measures of glucose regulation.

Materials And Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 1,891 adults enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Assessing Hepatitis B Knowledge Among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in San Diego.

Background: Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders comprise 6% of the U.S. population, but 50% of chronic hepatitis B cases and have a cancer mortality that is 60% higher than non-Hispanic Whites.

Determination of Brain Metabolite T Without Interference From Macromolecule Relaxation.

Background: J-coupled metabolites are often measured at a predetermined echo time in the presence of macromolecule signals, which complicates the measurement of metabolite T .

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and benefits of measuring metabolite T relaxation times without changing the overlapping macromolecule baseline signals.

Study Type: Prospective.

Signal enhancement of glutamine and glutathione by single-step spectral editing.

A single-step spectral editing approach using an always-on editing pulse was proposed to enhance the signals of strongly coupled spins. Specifically, a single-step spectral editing sequence with an always-on editing pulse applied at 2.12 ppm was used to enhance glutamine (Gln) and glutathione (GSH) signals at TE = 56 ms on a 7 T scanner.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the California Teachers Study.

Background Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has been associated with cardiometabolic risk. However, the association between total and type of SSB intake and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) end points such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization is limited. Methods and Results We examined the prospective association of baseline SSB consumption with incident CVD in 106 178 women free from CVD and diabetes mellitus in the CTS (California Teachers Study), a cohort of female teachers and administrators, followed since 1995.

Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease on Mortality and Incident Cardiovascular Events.

Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (United States, 2000-2015), 6,527 racially/ethnically diverse adults (mean age, 62 (standard deviation, 10) years) free of known cardiovascular (CVD) had ankle brachial index (ABI) assessment of their bilateral dorsalis pedis/posterior tibial arteries (4 vessels total) and were followed for total mortality and incident CVD events/mortality. Individuals were classified into categories of 0-, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-vessel peripheral artery disease (PAD) (ABI of ≤0.9).

Infertility, Gravidity, and Risk Of Diabetes among High-Risk Women in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.

Objective: The extent to which infertility and pregnancy independently increase risk of diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis is not known.

Research Design And Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the DPP Outcomes Study over a 15-year period. We included women who answered questions about gravidity and infertility at baseline (n = 2085).

Prevalence of Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2011-2016.

Importance: The prevalence of diabetes among Hispanic and Asian American subpopulations in the United States is unknown.

Objective: To estimate racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of diabetes among US adults 20 years or older by major race/ethnicity groups and selected Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian subpopulations.

Design, Setting, And Participants: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011-2016, cross-sectional samples representing the noninstitutionalized, civilian, US population.

Health Advantages and Disparities in Preterm Birth Among Immigrants Despite Disparate Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and Maternal Risk Factors in San Diego, California.

Introduction: Reproductive health advantages have been reported among selected immigrants, but few studies have included new immigrants and refugees, nor simultaneously adjusted for socioeconomic, behavioral, and medical disparities.

Methods: We examined the risk of preterm birth (PTB, < 37 weeks' gestation) among singleton live births in San Diego County from 2007 to 2012. Multivariable regression was used to compare PTB (1) by nativity within racial/ethnic groups and (2) among immigrants compared to United States (US) born Whites, while adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, reproductive and medical variables.

New research directions on disparities in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes disproportionately impact U.S. racial and ethnic minority communities and low-income populations.

Interaction Between Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Strategies and Genetic Determinants of Coronary Artery Disease on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is more frequent among individuals with dysglycemia. Preventive interventions for diabetes can improve cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs), but it is unclear whether the benefits on CRFs are similar for individuals at different genetic risk for CAD. We built a 201-variant polygenic risk score (PRS) for CAD and tested for interaction with diabetes prevention strategies on 1-year changes in CRFs in 2,658 Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) participants.

Sugar-sweetened beverages and colorectal cancer risk in the California Teachers Study.

Background: The association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remains unclear and published data are limited.

Methods: The analytic cohort included 99,798 women, free of cancer at baseline, from the California Teachers Study, a longitudinal cohort comprised of 133,477 female teachers and administrators who were active or recently retired members of the California State Teachers Retirement System in 1995. SSB consumption constituted caloric soft drinks, sweetened bottled waters and teas, and fruit drinks, derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire.

Engaging the ASEAN Diaspora: Type 2 Diabetes Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Unique Risk Factors among Filipino Migrants in the United States.

Type 2 diabetes prevalence is rising rapidly in Southeast Asia (SEA) where urbanization and adoption of 'western' behavioral lifestyles are attributed as predominant risk factors. The Southeast Asian diaspora to the United States has resulted in a sizable portion of migrant and US born SEAs, with approximately 4 million Filipino Americans, 2 million Vietnamese-Americans, Cambodians (330,000), and Thai (300,000) as the most populous. Their longer exposure to a western lifestyle and participation in clinical studies with other racial/ethnic groups, provide opportunities to evaluate etiologic factors which might inform trends and intervention opportunities among residents of Southeast Asia.

Effects of carrier frequency mismatch on frequency-selective spectral editing.

Objectives: This study sought to investigate the effects of carrier frequency mismatch on spectral editing and its correction by frequency matching of basis functions.

Materials And Methods: Full density matrix computations and Monte-Carlo simulations based on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data collected from five healthy volunteers at 7 T were used to analyze the effects of carrier frequency mismatch on spectral editing. Relative errors in metabolite quantification were calculated with and without frequency matching of basis functions.

International chicken trade and increased risk for introducing or reintroducing highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) to uninfected countries.

Every year billions of chickens are shipped thousands of miles around the globe in order to meet the ever increasing demands for this cheap and nutritious protein source. Unfortunately, transporting chickens internationally can also increase the chance for introducing zoonotic viruses, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) to new countries. Our study used a retrospective analysis of poultry trading data from 2003 through 2011 to assess the risk of H5N1 poultry infection in an importing country.

Simultaneous measurement of glutamate, glutamine, GABA, and glutathione by spectral editing without subtraction.

Purpose: To simultaneously measure glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutathione using spectral editing without subtraction at 7T.

Methods: A novel spectral editing approach was proposed to simultaneously measure glutamate, glutamine, GABA, and glutathione using a TE of 56 ms at 7T. By numerical optimization of sequence timing in the presence of an editing pulse, the 4 metabolites all form relatively intense pseudo singlets with maximized peak amplitudes and minimized peak linewidths in 1 of the 3 interleaved spectra.

STRIVE, San Diego! Methodology of a Community-Based Participatory Intervention to Enhance Healthy Dining at Asian and Pacific Islander Restaurants.

Objective: Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations have elevated prevalence of dietary-related chronic conditions; however, culturally relevant dietary interventions are lacking. This article describes the methodology for a community-based participatory intervention. Strategies to Reach and Implement the Vision of Health Equity, San Diego! aims to increase access to healthy food in AANHPI restaurants, grocery stores, and farmers' markets.

Comparison of the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-tube Assay With Tuberculin Skin Test for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among HIV-infected and Uninfected Children.

Background: Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is facilitated by tuberculin skin testing (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays such as the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube (QTF-GIT) assays. Limited data exist on the utility of interferon-gamma release assays in HIV-infected children, which may be falsely negative due to immunosuppression.

Methods: A cross-sectional study comparing TST to QTF-GIT for the diagnosis of suspected LTBI was performed in children in Tijuana, Mexico, and in San Diego, California.