Application of generative adversarial networks (GAN) for ophthalmology image domains: a survey.

Background: Recent advances in deep learning techniques have led to improved diagnostic abilities in ophthalmology. A generative adversarial network (GAN), which consists of two competing types of deep neural networks, including a generator and a discriminator, has demonstrated remarkable performance in image synthesis and image-to-image translation. The adoption of GAN for medical imaging is increasing for image generation and translation, but it is not familiar to researchers in the field of ophthalmology.

Suppression of Nrf2 signaling by angiotensin II in murine renal epithelial cells.

Angiotensin II (ATII), a physiologically active mediator of the renin-angiotensin system, has been shown to be associated with renal fibrosis pathophysiology. In our current study with murine renal epithelial TCMK-1 cells, ATII inhibited the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-target antioxidant genes such as NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). In accord to the reduced expression of GCL, a GSH biosynthesis enzyme, ATII treatment reduced intracellular GSH content and increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Transcription factor Nrf2 maintains the basal expression of Mdm2: An implication of the regulation of p53 signaling by Nrf2.

Co-operated regulation of oxidative stress-response transcription factors would be an important issue for animals to determine the cell fate under environmental stress. This notion raises a possibility that NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress, and p53 can have a direct co-regulation network. In the current study, we have indentified that the expression of murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) is repressed in nrf2-deleted murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).

Activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant system by a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propenone: implication in anti-inflammatory function by Nrf2 activator.

Furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3) is a novel synthetic compound and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It is widely accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by activated inflammatory cells can exacerbate inflammation. In this study, the potential antioxidative efficacy of FPP-3 has been investigated in murine cells.