Diversity of Oral Microbiome of Women From Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia: A Pilot Study.

The studies on the influence of geographical and socio-economic factors on the oral microbiome remain underrepresented. The Indonesia basic health research (RISKESDAS) 2018, showed an increasing trend in non-communicable diseases compared with the previous report in 2013. The prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and obesity are reported to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Glycerol-supplemented Probiotic on Infected Epithelial cells .

Background: One of the most interesting effects of probiotics is their ability to modulate the immune system through the induction of cytokines and to enhance the host immune response.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of glycerol-supplemented on the transcription level of interleukin (IL)-8 and human-beta-defensin (hBD)-2 expressed by epithelial cells after exposure to bacteria.

Materials And Methods: The confluent-cultured HaCat cell line (10 cells/mL) was exposed to ATCC-25175 and ATCC-33277 (10 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) for 24 h and challenged with probiotic ATCC-55730 (10 CFU/mL) supplemented with glycerol.