The Neurometabolic Function of the Dopamine-Aminotransferase System.

Background/objectives: The neurometabolic function is controlled by a complex multi-level physiological system that includes neurochemical, hormonal, immunological, sensory, and metabolic components. Functional disorders of monoamine systems are often detected in clinical practice together with metabolic dysfunctions. An important part of the mentioned pathological conditions are associated with disturbances in protein metabolism, some of the most important biomarkers which are aminotransferases and transcription factors that regulate and direct the most important metabolic reactions.

THE EFFECT OF INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDE NATURE ON THE MONOAMINE SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN.

Introduction: The annual growth of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases requires new therapeutic strategies for delivering active pharmaceutical molecules to the brain. Non-invasive intranasal drug delivery is a promising method that allows bypassing of the blood-brain barrier and the liver de-toxification system.

Results: The review discusses the main results of experimental studies of the effect of intranasal substances of amino acid and peptide nature on the monoamine systems of the brain.

BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF ALPHA-GLUTAMYL-TRYPTOPHAN AND CHELATE COMPLEX OF ZINC ARGINYL-GLYCINATE ON MONOAMINE SYSTEMS DYSFUNCTIONS KNOCK-OUT MODELS.

Unlabelled: Monoamine neurotransmitter system dysfunctions lead to behavioral disorders, cognitive metabolic, and other pathological conditions. In this case, different amino acids are precursors of monoamines, while the parenteral path of monoamine administration has pharmacological restrictions. Therefore, intranasal administration one of the most promising methods of delivering an active substance is.

Trace Amine-Associated Receptors' Role in Immune System Functions.

Trace amines are a separate, independent group of biogenic amines, close in structure to classical monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine that include many products of the endogenous or bacteria-mediated decarboxylation of amino acids. A family of G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptors (in humans, TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9) that senses trace amines was discovered relatively recently. They are mostly investigated for their involvement in the olfaction of volatile amines encoding innate behaviors and their potential contribution to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the expression of the TAAR family of receptors is also observed in various populations of cells in the immune system.

Antioxidant system alterations and physiological characteristics of neonatal and juvenile DAT-KO rats.

Dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats represent a valuable rodent model for studying the molecular and phenotypical outcomes of the effects of excessive dopamine accumulation in the synaptic cleft and the prolonged action of dopamine on neurons. Animals with DAT deficiency are characterized by hyperactivity, stereotypy, cognitive deficits, and impairments in behavioral and biochemical indicators. Several key pathophysiological mechanisms are known to be common to psychiatric, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and other diseases.

Protein Metabolism Changes and Alterations in Behavior of Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Knockout Mice Fed a High-Fructose Diet.

Trace amines and their receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors widely distributed in the central nervous system and periphery. The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) plays a significant role as a therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, diabetes, and obesity. In this study, TAAR1 knockout mice and WT groups were tested in conditions of a high-fructose diet.

Short- and long-term cognitive and metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride supplementation in rats.

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) possess neuroprotective properties. However, the long-term metabolic consequences of supplementing a regular diet with cognition-enhancing doses of MCT are largely unknown. We studied the effects of chronic (28 days) supplementation of regular diet with different doses of MCT oil (1, 3, or 6 g/kg/day) or water (control) on working memory (Y-maze), behavior in the Open Field, spatial learning (Morris water maze), and weight of internal organs in male Wistar 2.

Supplementation of Regular Diet With Medium-Chain Triglycerides for Procognitive Effects: A Narrative Review.

It is now widely accepted that ketosis (a physiological state characterized by elevated plasma ketone body levels) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective effects. There is a growing interest in the use of ketogenic supplements, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), to achieve intermittent ketosis without adhering to a strict ketogenic diet. MCT supplementation is an inexpensive and simple ketogenic intervention, proven to benefit both individuals with normal cognition and those suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive disorders.

Comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of l-carnitine and transresveratrol in rats with diet-induced obesity.

Objectives: Transresveratrol (Res) and l-carnitine (l-Car) are proposed to alleviate metabolic and immune disorders and increase physical activity in obese individuals. This study aims to estimate the effect of Res and l-Car in rats with diet-induced obesity.

Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with excess fat and fructose (high-fat high-carbohydrate diet [HFCD]) supplemented with Res and l-Car at doses of 25 and 300 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, for 63 d.

[Liver gene expression in normal and obese rats received resveratrol and L-carnitine].

The use of nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity in the composition of foods for special dietary uses and dietary supplements is one of the effective methods of dietary therapy of alimentary obesity and related diseases. was to study the effect of the combined intake of resveratrol and L-carnitine (RC) on the expression of genes responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and inflammatory reactions in the liver and kidneys of rats in normal conditions and with diet-induced obesity. .

Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Supplements on the Vital Indicators in Mice Differently Prone to Diet-Induced Obesity.

We studied the effects of the addition of large neutral amino acids, such as tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp), in mice DBA/2J and tetrahybrid mice DBCB receiving a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 65 days. The locomotor activity, anxiety, muscle tone, mass of internal organs, liver morphology, adipokines, cytokines, and biochemical indices of animals were assessed. The Tyr supplementation potentiated increased anxiety in EPM and contributed to a muscle tone increase, a decrease in the AST/ALT ratio, and an increase in protein anabolism in both mice strains.

Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity.

Amino acids tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) play a significant role in the regulation of energy metabolism, locomotor activity, and eating behavior. We studied the possibility of modulating these processes in obesity by increasing the pool of Tyr and Trp in the experimental diet. As a model of obesity, we used Wistar rats fed a diet with an excess specific energy value (HFCD) for 64 days.

[Full transcriptome analysis of gene expression in liver of mice in a comparative study of quercetin efficiency on two obesity models].

Background: Quercetin (Q; 3,3',4',5,7 - pentahydroxyflavone) can help alleviate the pathological effects of nutritional obesity and metabolic syndrome when taken as part of products for special dietary needs and food supplements. The mechanisms of action of Q at the genetic level are not well understood.

Aims: To study gene expression in liver tissue of mice with alimentary and genetically determined obesity upon intake of Q with diet.

[Influence of the gene knockout on exchange of essential and toxic trace elements in rats].

The maintenance of energy homeostasis of the body according to modern data is carried out with the active participation of dopaminergic neurons of the central nervous system. The synthesis and metabolism of dopamine (DA) occurs both in the brain and in peripheral tissues. Violation of the synthesis and metabolism of DA is considered as a link in the vicious cycle which it formed during the development of diet-induced obesity.

[The content of essential and toxic microelements in the organs of mice of various lines receiving a high-carb high-fat diet and supplemented with quercetin].

Quercetin (Q) is known to be a powerful chelating agent for metal ions. Due to this property, Q, when ingested, is able to intervene actively in microelement homeostasis. The assessment of the possible significance of these effects for the dietary use of Q in obesity is complicated by the fact that in obese patients there are numerous changes in mineral metabolism and microelement homeostasis due to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Comparative Whole-Transcriptome Profiling of Liver Tissue from Wistar Rats Fed with Diets Containing Different Amounts of Fat, Fructose, and Cholesterol.

Differential expression of 30,003 genes was studied in the liver of female Wistar rats fed with isocaloric diets with the excess of fat, fructose, or cholesterol, or their combinations for 62 days using the method of whole-transcriptome profiling on a microchip. Relative mRNA expression levels of the Asah2, Crot, Crtc2, Fmo3, GSTA2, LOC1009122026, LOC102551184, NpY, NqO1, Prom1, Retsat, RGD1305464, Tmem104, and Whsc1 genes were also determined by RT-qPCR. All the tested diets affected differently the key metabolic pathways (KEGGs).

Comparative Analysis of JNK1 Expression in Liver Cells in Rats of Different Lines Receiving Excess of Easily Digested Carbohydrates: Confocal Microscopy.

The expression of JNK1 isoform of cJun-N-terminal kinase in hepatocytes of rats receiving excess of simple carbohydrates dissolved in drinking water was studied by immunohisto-chemical staining and confocal microscopy. In experiment I (60 days), the highest expression of JNK1 was observed in female Wistar rats receiving fructose (the difference with the group receiving a mixture of glucose and fructose was significant, p<0.05, the difference with the control group at the trend level, p=0.

High-Carbohydrate Diets Affect Accumulation of Lipofuscin-Like Pigment in the Kidneys of Mice and Rats: Autofluorescence Confocal Microscopy Analysis.

The accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules in liver, kidneys, and spleen cells in mice and rats of different lines receiving 30% sugar solutions (fructose, glucose, their mixture, and sucrose) in addition to balanced semisynthetic diet for 62 or 122 days was studied by the method of laser scanning confocal microscopy. The granules were detected by their autofluorescence at maximum λ =570-600 nm and λ=488 nm. In the kidneys of rats receiving glucose and, especially, the mixture of glucose and fructose, significant accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules was found that was absent in the control group animals receiving water.

Effects of quercetin on the neuromotor function and behavioral responses of Wistar and Zucker rats fed a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet.

Quercetin can affect some pathological manifestations in obesity. The mechanism underlying the presumed therapeutic effect of quercetin is probably related to the influence on the central processes regulating energy homeostasis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quercetin on the neuromotor and behavioral functions in Zucker (Z) and Wistar (W) rats with genetically and/or diet-induced obesity.

[Immunological markers of alimentary-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats].

Changes in plasma levels of the main groups of cytokines and adipokines may correlate with the severity of metabolic disorders in hyperlipidemia and obesity. of the study was to assess the significance of ghrelin, leptin, their ratio (L/Gh), and the cytokine profile as biomarkers at dietary-induced hyperlipidemia. .

[Effect of quercetin on the expression of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genes in the liver of rats with genetic].

Quercetin (Q; 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is considered as a promising component of specialized products for the correction of metabolic disorders in obesity and metabolic syndrome. At the same time, the results of evaluating the clinical efficacy of Q are ambiguous, and the mechanisms of its influence on lipid and carbohydrate-energy metabolism are not well understood. of the work was to study the effect of quercetin (Q 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) on the expression of key glycolysis and lipogenesis enzymes' genes in Zucker-Leprfa (Z) rats characterized by hereditary obesity, compared to «wild-type» Wistar (W) rats.

[Sex and line differences in biochemical indices and fat soluble vitamins sufficiency in rats on model of metabolic syndrome].

Consumption of diets that are inadequate in energy value to the actual energy expenditure can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), which has consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatosis, atherosclerosis, gout, allergic diseases. Experimental models of MS are needed to develop new approaches to its dietary and drug correction. The aim of the work was a comparative analysis of functional, biochemical and vitamin markers characterizing the effect of a diet with a high content of fructose (F) on males and females of various rat lines and the selection on this basis of an optimal in vivo MS model.

[Effect of B-vitamin deficiency on biochemical, immunologic markers and trace element status of rats and mice of various lines].

Biochemical, vitamin, trace element and immunological changes were searched for the combined nutritional deficiency of vitamins B1, B2, B6 on in vivo models in rats and mice. Female rats of Wistar (W) strain and hybrids of the 1st generation of Dark Aguti and Wistar (DA x W) strains, female mice of BALB/c strain and DBCB tetrahybrids were used in experiment. Animals received for 35 days a balanced diet (control) according to AIN-93 or a similar diet with the exception of vitamins B1, B2, B6 (experimental groups).