People's beliefs about pronouns reflect both the language they speak and their ideologies.

Pronouns often convey information about a person's social identity (e.g., gender).

Intersectional Male-Centric and White-Centric Biases in Collective Concepts.

In principle, the fundamental concepts person, woman, and man should apply equally to people of different genders and races/ethnicities. In reality, these concepts might prioritize certain groups over others. Based on interdisciplinary theories of , we hypothesized that (a) person is more associated with men than women (person = man) and (b) woman is more associated with women than man is with men (i.

Biological Essentialism Correlates With (But Doesn't Cause?) Intergroup Bias.

People with biological essentialist beliefs about social groups also tend to endorse biased beliefs about individuals in those groups, including intensified emphasis on the group, stereotypes, and prejudices. These correlations could be due to biological essentialism causing bias, and some experimental studies support this causal direction. Given this prior work, we expected to find that biological essentialism would lead to increased bias compared with a control condition and set out to extend this prior work in a new direction (regarding "value-based" essentialism).

Based on billions of words on the internet, people = men.

Recent advances have made it possible to precisely measure the extent to which any two words are used in similar contexts. In turn, this measure of similarity in linguistic context also captures the extent to which the concepts being denoted are similar. When extracted from massive corpora of text written by millions of individuals, this measure of linguistic similarity can provide insight into the collective concepts of a linguistic community, concepts that both reflect and reinforce widespread ways of thinking.

Seeing men everywhere, even in toast.

Women and men each represent about half the population, but people think of the concept person more as a man. Wardle et al. recently found that people also see face-like objects more as men than as women.

Value-based essentialism: Essentialist beliefs about social groups with shared values.

Psychological essentialism has played an important role in social psychology, informing influential theories of stereotyping and prejudice as well as questions about wrongdoers' accountability and their ability to change. In the existing literature, essentialism is often tied to beliefs in shared biology-that is, the extent to which members of a social group are seen as having the same underlying biological features. Here we investigate the possibility of "value-based essentialism" in which people think of certain social groups in terms of an underlying essence, but that essence is understood as a value.

"Master" of none: Institutional language change linked to reduced gender bias.

Concern that masculine generic language (e.g., to mean humanity) perpetuates gender inequity has led several institutions to formally discourage its use.

Fetal liver and lung volume index of neonatal survival with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assesses pulmonary hypoplasia in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Neonatal mortality may occur with CDH.

Objective: To quantify MRI parameters associated with neonatal survival in fetuses with isolated CDH.

Defecation versus pre- and post-defecation Valsalva maneuvers for dynamic MR assessment of pelvic floor dysfunction.

Purpose: To compare prevalence and severity of multi-compartment pelvic floor dysfunction between supine magnetic resonance defecography with defecation (MRD) and supine dynamic MRI during Valsalva, both with and without rectal distention.

Methods: This was an IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective review of consecutive patients referred for MR Defecography. MRD protocol included imaging at rest, during pre-defecation Valsalva (Pre-DV), defecation (Def), and post-defecation Valsalva (Post-DV).

Texture analysis of magnetic resonance images of the human placenta throughout gestation: A feasibility study.

As fetal gestational age increases, other modalities such as ultrasound have demonstrated increased levels of heterogeneity in the normal placenta. In this study, we introduce and apply ROI-based texture analysis to a retrospective fetal MRI database to characterize the second-order statistics of placenta and to evaluate the relationship between heterogeneity and gestational age. Positive correlations were observed for several Haralick texture metrics derived from fetal-brain specific T2-weighted and gravid uterus T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, confirming a quantitative increase in placental heterogeneity with gestational age.

Fetal Head and Neck Masses: MRI Prediction of Significant Morbidity.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine which MRI parameters of fetal head and neck masses predict high-morbidity neonatal outcomes, including ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study (2004-2016) included parameters of polyhydramnios (based on largest vertical pocket), mass effect on the trachea, mass midline extension, and morphologic grade and size of masses. The morbid cohort included those requiring an EXIT procedure, difficult intubation at delivery, or lethal outcome.

Multiparametric MRI Characterization of Funaki Types of Uterine Fibroids Considered for MR-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (MR-HIFU) Therapy.

Rationale And Objectives: To compare quantitative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) data of symptomatic uterine fibroids being considered for MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation with fibroid characterization based on the Funaki Classification scheme.

Materials And Methods: This was a prospective, Institutional Review Board -approved, Health Insurance Portability, and Accountability Act-compliant study. Informed consent was obtained.

Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism.

Androcentrism refers to the propensity to center society around men and men's needs, priorities, and values and to relegate women to the periphery. Androcentrism also positions men as the gender-neutral standard while marking women as gender-specific. Examples of androcentrism include the use of male terms (e.

The Significance of Para-Aortic Nodal Size and the Role of Adjuvant Systemic Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer: An Institutional Experience.

Objective: Cervical cancer metastatic to the para-aortic lymph nodes (PALNs) carries a poor prognosis. Despite extended-field radiation therapy (EFRT), only 30% to 50% of patients will survive 3 years. We sought to examine the treatment regimens used, associated toxicities, and treatment outcomes in patients with cervical cancer metastatic to PALN.

Pre-operative core muscle index in combination with hypoalbuminemia is associated with poor prognosis in advanced ovarian cancer.

Background And Objectives: Age and frailty have been correlated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. Core muscle index (CMI) and nutritional status are integral in assessing frailty. We explored the effect of pre-operative serum albumin and body composition on clinical outcomes in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

Preferences for moral vs. immoral traits in others are conditional.

The preference for morality in others is regarded as a dominant factor in person perception. Moral traits are thought to foster liking, and immoral traits are thought to foster disliking, irrespective of the context in which they are embedded. We report the results of four studies that oppose this view.

Liver Injury in Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets Syndrome Measured by Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate acute liver injury (ALI) detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the associated laboratory findings in women with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet (HELLP) syndrome.

Study Design: This was a retrospective, observational study of women with HELLP syndrome defined by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels ≥100 U/L and thrombocytopenia with platelets ≤100,000/µL. All women underwent MRI postpartum including diffusion-weighted imaging to estimate the volume of ALI with reconstructed apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps.

The impact of irradiation dose on the computed tomography radiographic response of metastatic nodes and clinical outcomes in cervix cancer in a low-resource setting.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the radiation dose to pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, nodal response, and clinical outcomes in a resource-poor setting based on computed tomography (CT) nodal size alone.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study from 2009 to 2015 included 46 cervical cancer patients with 133 metastatic pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes definitively treated with chemoradiation and brachytherapy in a public hospital with limited access to positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Hence, short axis of the lymph node on CT scan was used as a measure of metastatic nodal disease, before and following radiation therapy.

Assessment of acute thermal damage volumes in muscle using magnetization-prepared 3D T -weighted imaging following MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy.

Purpose: To evaluate magnetization-prepared 3D T -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of acute tissue changes produced during ablative MR high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) exposures.

Materials And Methods: A clinical MR-HIFU system (3T) was used to generate thermal lesions (n = 24) in the skeletal muscles of three pigs. T -weighted, 2D T -weighted, and magnetization-prepared 3D T -weighted sequences were acquired before and after therapy to evaluate tissue changes following ablation.

Body posture and gender impact neural processing of power-related words.

Judging others' power facilitates successful social interaction. Both gender and body posture have been shown to influence judgments of another's power. However, little is known about how these two cues interact when they conflict or how they influence early processing.

Postoperative Imaging after Surgical Repair for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

Pelvic floor dysfunction encompasses an extremely common set of conditions, with various surgical and nonsurgical treatment options. Surgical options include injection of urethral bulking agents, native tissue repair with or without bioabsorbable or synthetic graft material, placement of synthetic midurethral slings or use of vaginal mesh kits, and mesh sacrocolpopexy procedures. Numerous different synthetic products with varied imaging appearances exist, and some of these products may be difficult to identify at imaging.

Fetal MR Imaging of Gastrointestinal Abnormalities.

Fetal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays an increasing and valuable role in antenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of fetal gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities. Advances in MR imaging data acquisition and use of motion-insensitive techniques have established MR imaging as an important adjunct to obstetric ultrasonography (US) for fetal diagnosis. In this regard, MR imaging provides high diagnostic accuracy for antenatal diagnosis of common and uncommon GI pathologic conditions.

Comparison of saline infusion sonography (SIS) versus SIS-guided endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology.

Purpose: To compare saline infusion sonography (SIS) to tissue obtained from SIS-guided endometrial sampling (SISES) to determine sensitivity and specificity for benign and malignant conditions of the endometrium.

Methods: Added value of SISES after SIS was evaluated over 5 years. SIS and SISES techniques have been previously described.