Gait assessment in general practice.

Background: Patients with a variety of neuromuscular pathologies may present with gait abnormalities. Accurate assessment of each pattern, coupled with appropriate investigations, facilitates diagnostic accuracy followed by treatment or referral, as required.

Objective: This review outlines the relevant history and examination areas to assess when interpreting gait abnormalities, together with common gait patterns and their aetiologies.

Long-term health outcomes in survivors after chronic subdural haematoma.

Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is the most common neurosurgical presentation among the elderly. Although initially considered a non-threatening event, recent studies have highlighted poor long-term survival post-CSDH. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding long-term health outcome in survivors after CSDH post-intervention.

Mathematical formulae to estimate chronic subdural haematoma volume. Flawed assumption regarding ellipsoid morphology.

Unlabelled: Mathematical formulae are commonly used to estimate intra-cranial haematoma volume. Such formulae tacitly assume an ellipsoid geometrical morphology. Recently, the 'XYZ/2' formula has been validated and recommended for chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) volumetric estimation.

Membrane Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Chronic Subdural Hematomas: Critical Size and Potential Postoperative Target.

Background: It is unknown why some chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) grow and require surgery, whereas others spontaneously resolve. Although a relatively small CSDH volume (V) reduction may induce resolution, V percent reduction is often unreliable in predicting resolution. Although CSDHs evolve distinctive inner neomembranes and outer neomembranes (OMs), the OM likely dominates the dynamic growth-resorption equilibrium.

Long-term survival after chronic subdural haematoma.

Outcome after chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is invariably assumed favourable: however, little data regarding long term survival (LTS) exists. One study reported excess mortality restricted to year 1, but with expected actuarial rates thereafter. We aimed to determine LTS after CSDH in a retrospective analysis relative to actuarial data from age-matched controls.

Risk factors for chronic subdural haematoma formation do not account for the established male bias.

Objective: The 'subdural space' is an artefact of inner dural border layer disruption: it is not anatomical but always pathological. A male bias has long been accepted for chronic subdural haematomas (CSDH), and increased male frequencies of trauma and/or alcohol abuse are often cited as likely explanations: however, no study has validated this. We investigated to see which risk factors accounted for the male bias with CSDH.