Development of an easily applicable risk score model for contrast-induced nephropathy prediction after percutaneous coronary intervention: a novel approach tailored to current practice.

Background: Several risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been identified. The cumulative effect of these risk factors on renal function has been assessed with the development of risk score models in a number of studies. However, concerns were raised that estimates of the risk attributable to individual factors may be unreliable.

A rare case of late right ventricular perforation by a passive-fixation permanent pacemaker lead.

The present paper is an interesting and rare complication of implantation of a permanent pacemaker lead. The rarity of the case is based upon that ventricular perforation is usually present during implantation, whereas in our case, it was presented late--1 month after implantation. Furthermore, in our case, the pacemaker lead had migrated through the left hemidiaphragm into the peritoneal cavity.