Balanced plant helper NLR activation by a modified host protein complex.

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play crucial roles in plant immunity by sensing pathogen effectors. In Arabidopsis, certain sensor NLRs function as NADases to catalyse the production of second messengers, which can be recognized by enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) with its partner senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101), to activate helper NLR N requirement gene 1 (NRG1). A cryoelectron microscopy structure shows that second-messenger-activated EDS1-SAG101 mainly contacts the leucine-rich repeat domain of NRG1A to mediate the formation of an induced EDS1-SAG101-NRG1A complex.

A novel approach to estimate land surface temperature from landsat top-of-atmosphere reflective and emissive data using transfer-learning neural network.

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a crucial parameter in studies of urban heat islands, climate change, evapotranspiration, hydrological cycles, and vegetation monitoring. However, conventional satellite-based approaches for LST retrieval often require additional data like land surface emissivity (LSE). Meanwhile, traditional machine learning (ML) techniques face challenges in acquiring representative training data and leveraging data from varied sources effectively.

Substrate-induced condensation activates plant TIR domain proteins.

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain mediate recognition of strain-specific pathogen effectors, typically via their C-terminal ligand-sensing domains. Effector binding enables TIR-encoded enzymatic activities that are required for TIR-NLR (TNL)-mediated immunity. Many truncated TNL proteins lack effector-sensing domains but retain similar enzymatic and immune activities.

NLR signaling in plants: from resistosomes to second messengers.

Nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) have a critical role in plant immunity through direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors. Recent studies have demonstrated that such recognition induces formation of large protein complexes called resistosomes to mediate NLR immune signaling. Some NLR resistosomes activate Ca influx by acting as Ca-permeable channels, whereas others function as active NADases to catalyze the production of nucleotide-derived second messengers.

TIR-catalyzed nucleotide signaling molecules in plant defense.

Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a conserved immune module in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signaling regulated by TIR-only proteins or TIR domain-containing intracellular immune receptors is critical for plant immunity. Recent studies demonstrated that TIR domains function as enzymes encoding a variety of activities, which manifest different mechanisms for regulation of plant immunity.

Identification and receptor mechanism of TIR-catalyzed small molecules in plant immunity.

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain sense pathogen effectors to enable TIR-encoded nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrolase (NADase) activity for immune signaling. TIR-NLR signaling requires the helper NLRs N requirement gene 1 (NRG1), Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), and Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), which forms a heterodimer with each of its paralogs Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) and Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101). Here, we show that TIR-containing proteins catalyze the production of 2'-(5''-phosphoribosyl)-5'-adenosine monophosphate (pRib-AMP) and diphosphate (pRib-ADP) in vitro and in planta.

Natural variation in the transcription factor REPLUMLESS contributes to both disease resistance and plant growth in Arabidopsis.

When attacked by pathogens, plants need to reallocate energy from growth to defense to fend off the invaders, frequently incurring growth penalties. This phenomenon is known as the growth-defense tradeoff and is orchestrated by a hardwired transcriptional network. Altering key factors involved in this network has the potential to increase disease resistance without growth or yield loss, but the mechanisms underlying such changes require further investigation.

TIR domains of plant immune receptors are 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases mediating cell death.

2',3'-cAMP is a positional isomer of the well-established second messenger 3',5'-cAMP, but little is known about the biology of this noncanonical cyclic nucleotide monophosphate (cNMP). Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors have the NADase function necessary but insufficient to activate plant immune responses. Here, we show that plant TIR proteins, besides being NADases, act as 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases by hydrolyzing RNA/DNA.

Fine mapping of QPm.caas-3BS, a stable QTL for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A stable QTL QPm.caas-3BS for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew was mapped in an interval of 431 kb, and candidate genes were predicted based on gene sequences and expression profiles. Powdery mildew is a devastating foliar disease occurring in most wheat-growing areas.

A central circadian oscillator confers defense heterosis in hybrids without growth vigor costs.

Plant immunity frequently incurs growth penalties, which known as the trade-off between immunity and growth. Heterosis, the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its parents, has been demonstrated for many traits but rarely for disease resistance. Here, we report that the central circadian oscillator, CCA1, confers heterosis for bacterial defense in hybrids without growth vigor costs, and it even significantly enhances the growth heterosis of hybrids under pathogen infection.

Mapping and validation of a new QTL for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in Chinese elite bread wheat line Zhou8425B.

Four QTLs for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew were mapped in the Zhou8425B/Chinese Spring population, and a new QTL on chromosome 3B was validated in 103 wheat cultivars derived from Zhou8425B. Zhou8425B is an elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line widely used as a parent in Chinese wheat breeding programs.