Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation of the Analgesic Effects of Pentazocine Using Perioperative Real-World Data.

Pentazocine (PTZ) is a widely used drug for postoperative pain. It should be administered at appropriate dosing intervals not only because of its morphine-like side effects but also because frequent inappropriate dosing can lead to dependence. Although perioperative patients reportedly have nonnegligible effects on placebo drugs and postoperative wound healing, no pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model has been established and simulated using real-world data for the perioperative period.

External Evaluation of a Bayesian Warfarin Dose Optimization Based on a Kinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model.

Warfarin is a representative anticoagulant with large interindividual variability. The published kinetic-pharmacodynamic (K-PD) model allows the prediction of warfarin dose requirement in Swedish patients; however, its applicability in Japanese patients is not known. We evaluated the model's predictive performance in Japanese patients with various backgrounds and relationships using Bayesian parameter estimation and sampling times.

Development of a simple method for measuring tedizolid concentration in human serum using HPLC with a fluorescent detector.

The objective of the present study was to develop a method to measure tedizolid (TZD) concentration for studying target concentration intervention, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of TZD. We established a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector assay to measure the TZD concentration in serum for clinical application. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a 5 μm octadecyl silane hypersil column 150 mm × 4.

Increased expression of acyl-CoA oxidase 2 in the kidney with plasma phytanic acid and altered gut microbiota in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We performed a DNA microarray analysis of the renal medulla and cortex from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), stroke-prone SHRs (SHRSPs), and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to identify pivotal molecules in the kidney associated with the onset of hypertension and found increased expression of acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (Acox2) mRNA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that Acox2 mRNA expression in the renal medulla and cortex of SHRs and SHRSPs was increased in comparison to WKY rats. These findings indicate that increased renal ACOX2 (an enzyme that induces the β-oxidation of fatty acids) is associated with the onset of hypertension.

Application of a hemodialysis clearance prediction model using quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationship analysis.

Hemodialysis (HD) is a method used to remove biogenic substances or blood components that cause disease and some drugs used by patients to treat their diseases. Therefore, dosing schedule must be planned according to HD clearance (CL ) when medical treatment is provided to patients receiving HD. We aimed to clarify the physical properties (eg, octanol-water partition coefficient and molecular electronegativity) or pharmacokinetic parameters (eg, volume of distribution) of compounds affecting CL and to construct a mathematical model to predict CL .

Sirtuin SirD is involved in α-amylase activity and citric acid production in Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii during a solid-state fermentation process.

Sirtuins are understood to play a significant role in growth phase-dependent gene expression. In the study presented here, we examined the sirtuins in the white koji fungus, Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii (Aspergillus kawachii), to examine their role in the regulation of amylolytic enzymes and citric acid production during solid-state culture (koji).

Method of Determining Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide in Rat Plasma Using Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrometry.

To improve the efficiency of drug-discovery research on pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (PIs), a more rapid method for quantitative and qualitative measurement of PI in rat plasma samples was developed here using ultra-fast liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrometry (UFLC-UV) in order to shorten the measurement time. A measurement method of PIs by HPLC developed until now takes 45 min for one sample measurement. This method was inefficient to investigate extraction conditions from biological samples and measurement of animal experimental samples.

Identification of Two Phenanthrene Derivatives from Australasian Allied Species in Genus Dendrobium.

Genus Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) contains numerous species. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequences indicated that this genus is divided into two major groups: Asian and Australasian clades. On the other hand, little is known about the phytochemical differences and similarities among the species in each clade.

The distress and benefit to bereaved family members of participating in a post-bereavement survey.

Background: Few studies have simultaneously collected quantitative data regarding the positive and negative effects of participating in post-bereavement surveys.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey in October 2013. Potential participants were caregivers for family members who had died in four inpatient palliative care units, two home hospices, and a general hospital.

Development of an Evaluation Method for Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activities Using Sequential Injection Analysis with Chemiluminescence Detection.

A method for evaluating hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging activities using sequential injection analysis (SIA) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed. In this system, CL was produced by the reaction of luminol with ·OH generated from the Fenton reaction. The scavenging activity was expressed as a diminution rate of the CL due to the scavenging of ·OH by a sample.

Development of a Method for Measuring Phytanic Acid as a Lifestyle-related Disease Biomarker in Rat Serum Using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Combined with a Modified 2-Nitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization Method.

A simple and rapid ultra-fast liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UFLC-UV) method combined with modified 2-nitrophenylhydrazine (2-NPH) derivatization was developed for determining phytanic acid (Phy) in rat serum. Serum Phy and heptadecanoic acid (the internal standard) were derivatized by 2-NPH at ambient temperature for 20 min and extracted in n-hexane. After extracting derivatized Phy (D-Phy) and derivatized IS from the reaction mixture, the extracts were separated with a YMC-Pack C8 column (150 × 3.

The Measurement of Meloxicam and Meloxicam Metabolites in Rat Plasma Using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Method.

A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry (HPLC-UV) method for the determination of meloxicam (MEL) and meloxicam metabolites (5'-hydroxy meloxicam (5-HMEL) and 5'-carboxy meloxicam (5-CMEL)) has been developed. After extraction of MEL, 5-HMEL, and 5-CMEL from rat plasma using Oasis HLB cartridges, the extracts were separated with a Luna C18 (2) 100 A column (5 µm, 4.6×150 mm, Phenomenex) using a mobile phase of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.

Degradation of corticosteroids during activated sludge processing.

Laboratory tests of the decomposition of corticosteroids during activated sludge processing were investigated. Corticosteroid standards were added to activated sludge, and aliquots were regularly taken for analysis. The corticosteroids were extracted from the samples using a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed LC-MS.

Development and application of a method to investigate drug-metabolizing enzyme inhibitors using sparteine for probe of cytochrome P450 2D6 and tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection.

We studied the detection of drug-metabolizing enzyme inhibitiors using column-switching high performance liquid chromatography with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+))-electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection. This can be applied to evaluate the genetic diversity concerning the ability of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 to metabolize drug in vitro. We demonstrated the ability of CYP2D6 to enable us to examine drugs metabolizing enzyme inhibition with high performance and sensitivity.

Column-switching HPLC determination of mexiletine using tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(III) electrogenerated chemiluminescence and precolumn derivatization with divinylsulfone.

A sensitive HPLC method combined with a column-switching system and tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(III) electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection has been developed for the quantitative determination of mexiletine (MEX). MEX was derivatized by divinylsulfone (DVS) and then measured. The optimum conditions for the derivatization reaction were 10 µL of sample solutions, 40 mM DVS (pH 8.

Automated analysis of the serum antioxidative activities against five different reactive oxygen species by sequential injection system with a chemiluminescence detector.

Background: There is a growing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause many pathologic conditions including chronic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and aging. There are a number of methods to measure the total antioxidative activity of the serum. However, since the lifetime and oxidative activity of various types of ROS are all different, to measure simply the total antioxidative activity of the serum is not enough.

Quasi-simultaneous determination of antioxidative activities against superoxide anion and nitric oxide by a combination of sequential injection analysis and flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection.

A method that combines sequential injection analysis (SIA), flow injection analysis and chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed for the quasi-simultaneous determination of antioxidative activities against superoxide anion (O2-) and nitric oxide (NO). The antioxidative activity was expressed as the decrease in luminol CL intensity caused by the quenching of O2- or NO by an antioxidant. The SIA system consisted of two syringe pumps, two selection valves, two holding coils, an HPLC pump to deliver luminol solution, and a CL detector.

Sequential injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection for the antioxidative activity against singlet oxygen.

A sequential injection analysis (SIA) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed for the measurement of antioxidative activity against singlet oxygen ((1)O2). Lactoperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-bromide ion system was used for the generation of (1)O2. When a 100 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.