Circulating adiponectin and leptin and risk of overall and aggressive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of advanced, recurrent and fatal prostate cancer. Adipokines may mediate this relationship. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations of leptin and adiponectin with overall and aggressive prostate cancer.

Associations of lifestyle factors and anthropometric measures with repeat PSA levels during active surveillance/monitoring.

Background: Assessment of prostate-specific antigen increase with time (PSA growth) is a fundamental component of active surveillance among men with localized prostate cancer. Factors that influence PSA growth, however, are unclear. We evaluated associations of anthropometric and lifestyle factors with age-related PSA growth.

Metabolic imbalance and prostate cancer progression.

There is substantial evidence implicating environmental factors in the progression of prostate cancer. The metabolic consequences of a western lifestyle, such as obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal hormone production have been linked to prostate carcinogenesis through multiple overlapping pathways. Insulin resistance results in raised levels of the mitogens insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, both of which may affect prostate cancer directly, or through their effect on other metabolic regulators.