An innovative risk index based on neutrophils and macrophages can effectively predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Background: This study aimed to establish an innovative prognostic risk index based on tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

Methods: We used the CIBERSORT algorithm to calculate the abundance of immune cells in MIBC samples from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate Cox regression analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, and stepwise regression analysis were used to identify the included immune cells.