[Angiomyolipoma of the liver].

Angiomyolipoma of the liver is an extremely rare neoplasm, the number of reported cases of this disease is only about 600 worldwide. Morphological criteria for neoplasm verification present difficulties due to low occurrence and complexity of differential diagnostic search. In this regard, this observation is of interest to pathologists and physicians.

Anthracycline, Gemcitabine, and Pazopanib in Epithelioid Sarcoma: A Multi-institutional Case Series.

Importance: Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is an exceedingly rare malignant neoplasm with distinctive pathologic, molecular, and clinical features as well as the potential to respond to new targeted drugs. Little is known on the activity of anthracycline-based regimens, gemcitabine-based regimens, and pazopanib in this disease.

Objective: To report on the activity of anthracycline-based regimens, gemcitabine-based regimens, and pazopanib in patients with advanced ES.

[Fibromyxoid sarcoma of maxilla].

The paper presents literature review and clinical case of patient with fibromyxoid sarcoma of maxilla illustrating diagnostic difficulties and efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment approach.

[ Spectrum of oncogene mutations is different in melanoma subtypes].

Melanoma is the most lethal malignancy of skin, which is comprised of clinically relevant molecular subsets defined by specific "driver" mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT genes. Recently, the better results in melanoma treatment were obtained with the mutation-specific inhibitors that have been developed for clinical use and target only patients with particular tumor genotypes. The aim of the study was to characterize the spectrum of "driver" mutations in melanoma subtypes from 137 patients with skin melanoma and 14 patients with mucosal melanoma.

[Immunohistochemical study of adhesive molecules Her-2/neu in nonendometrial carcinoma of corpus uteri].

46 cases of nonendometrial carcinoma of the corpus uteri have been studied. The expressions of E-cadherin, alpha and beta-catenins were detected by immunohistochemical method. The high level of studied markers expression was founded out in clear cell carcinoma, whereas the less expression was detected in the corpus uteri of patients with serous, papillary, undifferentiated and mixed cancer.

[Clinico-morphological properties and surgical treatment results in retroperitoneal liposarcomas].

The separate clinico-morphological features of nonorganic retroperitoneal liposarcoma (NRL) and their prognostic value were studied in 200 patients. The type of primary NRL is histologically erentiated in 65.5%, myxoid in 16.

[Morphological characteristics and prognostic criteria for gastrointestinal stromal tumors].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Analysis of GIST morphology is necessary for selection of primary patients with the high risk of tumor progression for adjuvant treatment with gleevek following complete gross resection of KIT (CD 117)-positive GIST. In this study we've analyzed morphological parameters and survival of 120 GIST patients before target therapy.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: clinico-morphological features, pathogenesis and modern treatment strategies].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the commonest mesenchymal tumours of gastrointestinal organs accounting for 1-3% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms and almost 5% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Most GIST (95%) express transmembrane receptor KIT or CD117, CD34 (70%), vimentin (80%), specific smooth muscle and neurogenic markers (with different frequency). Up to 85% of the stromal tumours have mutations in the KIT gene (exones 9, 11, 13, 17) and 3-18% in the PDGFRA (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha) gene (exones 12, 14, 18).

[Unilateral renal tumor in a child: nephroblastoma concurrent with a rare form of (translocation?) renal-cell carcinoma].

The paper describes a rare case of a renal composite tumor in a two-year-old girl who has nephroblastoma and renal-cell carcinoma of alveolar-tubular structure with focal expression of pancytokeratin AE1/AE3, cytokeratins 7 and 20, EMA, vimentin, CD10, MELAN A, p 504 S, E-cadherin, most likely, carcinoma with Xp.11.2 translocation.

[c-Kit and PDGFRA mutations and clinico-morphological features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the digestive tract. Inherent overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinase KIT (CD117) and mutations in c-Kit or PDGFRA genes are highly significant prognosticators. A first Russian investigation of c-Kit and PDGFRA mutations in GIST was carried out in 60 patients.

[Study of a role of the expression of a transmembranous CD117/C-Kit receptor in the progression of uveal melanomas].

The authors studied the expression of the protooncogen receptor involved in the regulation of major cell cycle processes in uveal melanoma. The studies performed by a highly sensitive immunohistochemical technique. The findings have allowed the authors to state that the membranous CD117/C-Kit receptor plays an important role in the progression of uveal melanomas.

[Study of the expression of embryonal choroidal tissue-specific markers].

The authors used the human embryonal eye to conduct immunohistochemical studies employing the tissue-specific markers of the melanocytic series (HMB45, tyrosinase, melanin A, and MITF) and neuronal differentiation (S100), as well as the markers of intermediate and muscular filaments (vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin). The nature of antigen expression was analyzed in different structures and portions of the vascular tract of the eye. The findings unveil the possibility of differentiating the vascular tract tumors of various genesis and their sites, by applying a plate containing the above markers.

[Diagnosis of pigment-free optic tract tumors: clinical and morphoimmunohistochemical aspects].

The authors present the results of comparison of clinical, instrumental and histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic data on two pigment-free ciliochoroidal tumors. Differential diagnosis was made at each of the above stages of diagnosis. There is evidence that despite the similarity of the clinical syndrome, the spindle-cell type of the histological structure of both tumors, the latter were of various histogenesis.

[Tentative results of using 99mTC-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile in predicting the effect of preoperative chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer].

The investigation was concerned with use of 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99m Tc-MIBI)-assisted prognosis for chemotherapy of locally-advanced breast cancer based on the assessment of 99m Tc retrieval from primary tumor in 26 patients. 99mTc was administered in the course of two-phase scintigraphy of the breast prior to chemotherapy. The dynamics of accumulation and withdrawal from tumor was identified.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the esophagus].

The paper describes a rare case of a stromal tumor of the esophagus in a 68-year-old male who was initially diagnosed as having esophageal leiomyoma after biopsy and study of a surgical material. Stromal tumour could be diagnosed by immunohistochemical (positive expression of oncomarkers; CD117, CD34, vimentin, CD99, and GFAP) and molecular genetic (real-time PCR) studies. This case confirms that it is necessary to use an immunohistochemical study in patients with spindle-cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

[Female genital tract polyneoplasia: primary multiple neoplasms or metastases?].

The analysis of 49 cases of synchronous and metachronous malignant mucinous tumors of the colon (rectum) and ovaries in the patients treated in 1990 to 2004 again has confirmed the data that metastatic ovarian cancer occurs from a primary focus in the colorectal region. Immunohistochemical studies (using cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20) may be used in the differential diagnosis of ovarian mucinous ovarian carcinoma from metastatic colonic mucinous tumors.

[Immunohistochemical diagnosis of metastases of small round cell carcinomas with undetected primary focus].

17 small round cell tumors of unkown primary site were studied. The main location was lymph nodes and brain. Immunohistochemical study was performed.

Phosphorylated Akt1 in human breast cancer measured by direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Correlation with clinicopathological features and tumor VEGF-signaling system component levels.

Protein kinase B (Akt) plays a major role in the regulation of breast cancer growth, survival, hormone, drug and radiosensitivity, but the clinical value of its expression and activation in human tumors is unclear. Activated Akt1 (pAkt1) expression was quantified in a series of 46 breast cancer and adjacent mammary gland samples by a direct Path-Scan PhosphoAkt1 (Ser473) sandwich ELISA kit. VEGF, sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 levels were measured simultaneously by standard ELISA kits.

[Morphological characteristics of stromal gastrointestinal tumors].

Stromal tumors are singled out from smooth muscle and neurogenic neoplasms into a special group due to differences in CD117 expression caused by mutation of c-kit gene. Out of 57 stromal tumors, 37 (64,9%) located in the stomach, 17 (29,8%) in the small intestine and 3 (5,3%) in the colon. Immunohistochemically, all the tumors expressed CD117 and vimentine.

[Vascular endothelial growth factor and two types of its receptors in breast cancer].

Levels of VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were determined by enzyme immunoassay in tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples from 39 breast cancer patients. Those parameters were significantly higher in tumor tissue. Direct correlations were established between VEGF and VEGFR-1, on the one hand, and VEGF and VEGFR-2, on the other.

Activated proteinkinase B in breast cancer.

The content of activated (phosphorylated) form of proteinkinase B in tumors and homologous tissues of 46 patients with breast cancer was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Activity of proteinkinase B was increased in tumors of 48% patients in comparison with homologous histologically unchanged tissue. Activity of proteinkinase B in hormone-dependent mammary tumors was significantly higher than in tumor tissue from patients with negative receptor status.

[Immunohistochemical characterization of biphasic synovial sarcomas].

An immunohistochemical investigation of 12 primary biphasic synovial sarcomas was carried out. Highly frequent expression of vimentin, EMA and pan-cytokeratin (cytokeratin AE1/AE3) and low frequency of collagen type II and VI expression in the extracellular matrix of tumors were estallished.