Power Doppler sonography - A supplement to hysteroscopy in abnormal uterine bleeding: Redefining diagnostic strategies.

Background: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a very frequent cause of gynecological visits in women of all age groups. Ultrasound pelvis with or without endometrial sampling have been conventionally used to make diagnosis. Power Doppler is a comparatively recent modality which can be used to screen patients who will need endometrial biopsy/ curretage.

Altered crosstalk of estradiol and progesterone with Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Th1/Th2 cytokines in early miscarriage is associated with early breakdown of maternal-fetal tolerance.

Problem: Decline in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Th2 cytokines levels lead to early miscarriage (EM) but how the hormonal milieu of the body regulates MDSCs and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance is still a matter of investigation.

Method Of Study: Peripheral blood and decidua samples were collected from 20 EM patients, and 20 healthy pregnant women opted for elective abortion. MDSCs and G-MDSCs levels were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and Th1/Th2 cytokines levels were determined in serum via flow cytometry.

High Level of APOA1 in Blood and Maternal Fetal Interface Is Associated With Early Miscarriage.

Early miscarriage (EM) is one of the most devastating obstetrical complications globally affecting the quality of women's life. In the present study, we aimed to identify proteins that correlate with and could act as biomarkers for EM. We performed 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis in chorionic villi samples followed by mass spectrometry for identification of differential protein expression with EM.

Microdeletion of Y chromosome as a cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Context: In majority of couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), etiology is still unknown. Two genetic factors have been suggested to underlie miscarriage in a subset of patients, namely skewed X chromosome inactivation in females and Y chromosome microdeletions in their partners. In males, microdeletions of the Y chromosome are known to cause spermatogenetic failure and male infertility.

Reduced Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells in the Blood and Endometrium is Associated with Early Miscarriage.

Problem: The contribution of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in patients suffering from early or recurrent miscarriage is unknown. MDSC are implicated in modulation of T-cell response in healthy pregnancies; however, the role of MDSC in patients suffering from miscarriage has not been studied. We hypothesized that MDSC play major role in inducing maternal-fetal tolerance and this tolerance is compromised in patients suffering from miscarriage.

The effect of antenatal L-arginine and antioxidant supplementation on oxidative stress marker levels in newborns.

Introduction: The present study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics, Paediatrics & Biophysics IMS, BHU, Varanasi with an aim to study the role of L-arginine and oral antioxidants as a part of therapy in patients diagnosed with IUGR (Intra uterine growth restriction ) and cord serum NO and oxidative stress markers GSH and SOD in newborns following delivery of such patients.

Materials And Methods: The study included 40 pregnant patient between 30-32 weeks of gestation diagnosed with IUGR who were divided into 3 groups: Group I (treated with L-arginine N=10), Group II (treated with antioxidants N=10), Group III (without nutritional supplementation N=10) and Group IV (healthy control pregnant patients of same gestational age range N=10) were taken. Cord serum NO & oxidative stress markers (GSH & SOD) were measured following delivery of patients from those four groups.

Association of increased S100A8 serum protein with early pregnancy loss.

Problem: The contribution of systemic S100A8 protein in menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and early pregnancy loss (EPL) is not known. Altered expression of S100A8 in maternal decidua is associated with recurrent early pregnancy loss. The objective of this study was to investigate the systemic level of S100A8 in different phases of menstrual cycle, different trimester of pregnancy, and in EPL.

Association of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) gene polymorphism with recurrent pregnancy loss risk in the North Indian Population and a meta-analysis.

An appropriate ratio of interleukin 1 beta to interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) is required for successful pregnancy. Our objective was to study the genetic association between IL1RN variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). To analyze the association between IL1RN VNTR allele and RPL, we investigated the IL1RN VNTR polymorphism in 136 RPL patients and in 200 healthy control women.

Association of GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms with early pregnancy loss in an Indian population and a meta-analysis.

Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) enzymes of the glutathione detoxification pathway protect the embryo from oxidative stress. This study investigated GSTT1 and GSTM1 in relation to their role in conferring genetic susceptibility to pregnancy loss. In a case-control study, 174 early pregnancy loss (EPL) patients, of which 130 were recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) patients, and 180 healthy controls were investigated.

Association of maternal and fetal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism with the risk of pregnancy loss: a study of an Indian population and a meta-analysis.

Objective: To study the genetic association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) A1298 polymorphism and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

Design: Prospective case-control study, systematic review, and meta-analysis using an electronic database up to July 27, 2012.

Setting: Meta-analysis of four studies on RPL and three studies on spontaneously aborted embryos, including the present study.

Association of FAS -1377 G>A and FAS -670 A>G functional polymorphisms of FAS gene of cell death pathway with recurrent early pregnancy loss risk.

Apoptosis during the early stages of pregnancy enables the remodeling of the uterus for proper placentation. Apoptosis in the maternal activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes allows maternal immune tolerance to pregnancy and in glandular and stromal cells it helps with trophoblastic endometrial invasion. FAS gene is expressed at the maternal-fetal interface and is involved in the regulation of immune response and implantation.

MTHFR C677T polymorphism and recurrent early pregnancy loss risk in north Indian population.

Recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL) is a multifactorial disorder as both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of disease. Folate metabolism is an important mechanism to ensure proper fetal growth. Hyperhomocysteinemia leads to a number of disorders and REPL is one of them.

Functional SNP -1562C/T in the promoter region of MMP9 and recurrent early pregnancy loss.

Angiogenesis, invasion and decidualization play an important role in uterine preparation and embryo development. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are crucial for the degradation/remodelling of the extracellular matrix and are involved in spiral artery formation and invasion of endometrium during implantation. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MMP9 promoter, 1562C/T, is known to influence expression in an allele-specific manner.

Successful outcome in preeclamptic rudimentary horn pregnancy.

Unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn is an uncommon type of mullerian duct malformation associated with various gynecological and obstetrical complications. Rudimentary horn pregnancy is a rare entity and the majority have rupture of gravid horn leading to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. A case of rudimentary horn pregnancy at 32 weeks and 6 days with pregnancy induced hypertension is reported where proper management results in successful pregnancy outcome.

Ethnicity, race, and clinically significant macular edema in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT).

Objective: To determine risk factors in clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and if increased CSME in minorities is due to ethnicity or other factors in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT).

Methods: CSME prevalence based on 7-field stereo fundus photographs in 1268 patients with type 2 diabetes was related to ethnicity, demographics and biochemistries by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results: Hispanics (H) made up 17.

A case series describing 118 patients with lower limb necrotizing fasciitis.

Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limb is not uncommon, with poor outcome. This study reviewed 118 cases (78 males and 40 females) with mean age of 45 + 16.5 years (range 12-95 years) of lower limb necrotizing fasciitis admitted to the Department of Surgery, BHU in India between 1995 and 2007.

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis With Uveitis (TINU): A Syndrome Rheumatologists Should Recognize: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Patients with uveitis such as the patient whose case is reported here are often referred to rheumatologists for investigation of possible underlying systemic diseases. This patient presented with decreased vision, photophobia, weight loss, and fevers and was found to have uveitis, elevated creatinine, and interstitial nephritis. This raised consideration of a variety of systemic diseases before she was determined to have the tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis (TINU) syndrome.

Spectrum of anemia in pregnant Indian women and importance of antenatal screening.

Anemia is a common health problem but control of anemia in pregnant women is less well studied. The purpose was to study prevalence of anemia in young pregnant women, correlate with indices and study significance of identification of hemoglobinopathies. Of the 120 pregnant women, Hb was less than 8 g% in 58 (44.

Unusual sites of hydatid cysts in India.

Hydatid disease usually affects liver and lungs, but may affect any organ, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. We analysed 110 patients with hydatid cyst over 21 years in our general surgical unit, which included 24 cases in unusual sites. The spleen was the most common, followed by skin and soft tissues.

Behaviour of estrogen receptor, histological correlation, and clinical outcome in patients with benign breast disorders.

Objective: To estimate the value of estrogen receptor (ER) in benign breast diseases and to find out if the response of benign breast diseases to danazol depends on the ER status of the tissue.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: University hospital, India.