Simvastatin exerts neuroprotective effects post-stroke by ameliorating endoplasmic reticulum stress and regulating autophagy/apoptosis balance through pAMPK/LC3B/ LAMP2 axis.

Statins have evident neuroprotective role in acute ischemic stroke(AIS). The pleiotropic effect by which statin exerts neuroprotective effects, needs to be explored for considering it as one of the future adjunctive therapies in AIS. Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) assists cellular survival by reducing protein aggregates during ischemic conditions.

l-theanine, the unique constituent of tea, improves neuronal survivability by curtailing inflammatory responses in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease.

Discrete components of tea possess multitude of health advantages. Escalating evidence advocate a consequential association between habitual tea consumption and a subsided risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). l-theanine is a non-protein amino acid inherent in tea plants, which exhibits structural resemblance with glutamate, the copious excitatory neurotransmitter in brain.

Modulating the biosynthesis and TLR4-interaction of lipopolysaccharide as an approach to counter gut dysbiosis and Parkinson's disease: Role of phyto-compounds.

The prevalence of the world's second leading neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease (PD) is well known while its pathogenesis is still a topical issue to explore. Clinical and experimental reports suggest the prevalence of disturbed gut microflora in PD subjects, with an abundance of especially Gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from the outer cell layer of these bacteria interacts with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) present on the macrophages and it stimulates the downstream inflammatory cascade in both the gut and brain.

Identification of molecular interactions of pesticides with keratinase for their potential to inhibit keratin biodegradation.

Unlabelled: The recalcitrant, fibrous protein keratin is found in the outermost layer of vertebrate skin, feathers, hair, horn, and hooves. Approximately, 10 million tons of keratin wastes are produced annually worldwide, of which around 8.5 million tons are from feather wastes.

Targeting of wnt signalling pathway by small bioactive molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most occurring neurodegenerative disorder that destroys learning, memory, and thinking skills. Although the pathophysiology of the disease is least understood, the post-mortem brain of AD patients as well as animal models revealed the part of down regulated Wnt signalling in progression of the disease. The deficit in the Wnt signalling leads to the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides, phosphorylation of tau proteins, and synaptic dysfunctions, which are regarded as the major pathological features of AD.

Inhibitory Role of L-theanine, a Structural Analogue of Glutamate, against GluR5 Kainate Receptor and its Prospective Utility against Excitotoxicity.

Background: Overactivation of receptors that respond to excitatory neurotransmitters can result in various harmful outcomes, such as the inability to properly modulate calcium levels, generation of free radicals, initiation of the mitochondrial permeability transition, and subsequent secondary damage caused by excitotoxicity. A non-proteinogenic amino acid of tea, L-theanine, is structurally related to glutamate, the major stimulatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Previous reports have emphasised its ability to bind with glutamate receptors.

Hypoxia and its effect on the cellular system.

Eukaryotic cells utilize oxygen for different functions of cell organelles owing to cellular survival. A balanced oxygen homeostasis is an essential requirement to maintain the regulation of normal cellular systems. Any changes in the oxygen level are stressful and can alter the expression of different homeostasis regulatory genes and proteins.

Isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of potential keratinolytic fungus sp. from Southern Assam: relevance to poultry wastes and its biological management.

Feather waste is a highly prevalent form of keratinous waste that is generated by the poultry industry. The global daily production of feather waste has been shown to approach 5 million tons, typically being disposed of through methods such as dumping, landfilling, or incineration which contribute significantly to environmental pollutions. The proper management of these keratinous wastes is crucial to avoid environmental contamination.

Therapeutic considerations of bioactive compounds in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: Dissecting the molecular pathways.

Leading neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are characterized by the impairment of memory and motor functions, respectively. Despite several breakthroughs, there exists a lack of disease-modifying treatment strategies for these diseases, as the available drugs provide symptomatic relief and bring along side effects. Bioactive compounds are reported to bear neuroprotective properties with minimal toxicity, however, a detailed elucidation of their modes of neuroprotection is lacking.

Combating Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease through Nanovesicle Technology.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration, resulting in dopamine depletion and motor behavior deficits. Since the discovery of L-DOPA, it has been the most prescribed drug for symptomatic relief in PD, whose prolonged use, however, causes undesirable motor fluctuations like dyskinesia and dystonia. Further, therapeutics targeting the pathological hallmarks of PD including α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and autophagy impairment have also been developed, yet PD treatment is a largely unmet success.

Inosine attenuates post-stroke neuroinflammation by modulating inflammasome mediated microglial activation and polarization.

To date, various agents and molecules have been developed to treat post-stroke neuroinflammation; however, none of them are clinically successful. Post-stroke neuroinflammation is primarily attributed to microglial polarization as the generation of inflammasome complexes shifts microglia to their M1 phenotype and regulates the downstream cascade. Inosine, an adenosine derivative reported to maintain cellular energy homeostasis in stressed conditions.

Traversing through the cell signaling pathways of neuroprotection by betanin: therapeutic relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease.

Modulation of cell signaling pathways is the key area of research towards the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Altered Nrf2-Keap1-ARE (Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-Antioxidant responsive element) and SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) cell signaling pathways are considered to play major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Strikingly, betanin, a betanidin 5-O-β-D-glucoside compound is reported to show commendable anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in several disease studies including AD and PD.

Cardiolipin-Mediated Alleviation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Neuroprotective Effect of Statin in Animal Model of Ischemic Stroke.

In clinical settings, the benefit of statin for stroke is debatable as regular statin users may suffer from myalgia, statin-associated myopathy (SAM), and rarely rhabdomyolysis. Studies suggest that patients on statin therapy show lesser vulnerability toward ischemic stroke and post-stroke frailty. Both pre- and post-treatment benefits of statin have been reported as evident by its neuroprotective effects in both cases.

Stem cells alleviate OGD/R mediated stress response in PC12 cells following a co-culture: modulation of the apoptotic cascade through BDNF-TrkB signaling.

Apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in several neurovascular disorders, including ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury). Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that following I/R injury, ER stress is vital for mediating CCAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12-dependent apoptosis. However, its modulation in the presence of stem cells and the underlying mechanism of cytoprotection remains elusive.

Pharmacological Strategies for Stroke Intervention: Assessment of Pathophysiological Relevance and Clinical Trials.

Objectives: The present review describes stroke pathophysiology in brief and discusses the spectrum of available treatments with different promising interventions that are in clinical settings or are in clinical trials.

Methods: Relevant articles were searched using Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. Keywords for the search included ischemic stroke, mechanisms, stroke interventions, clinical trials, and stem cell therapy.

Endovascular Stem Cell Therapy Promotes Neuronal Remodeling to Enhance Post Stroke Recovery by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Modulated by BDNF Signaling.

Background And Purpose: The impact of increased BDNF expression in brain by endovascular delivered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) post stroke towards modulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated neuronal remodeling has not been directly studied. Therefore, the present study investigates ER stress mediated neuronal remodeling following IA MSCs infusion in rodent model of ischemic stroke.

Methods: Ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO followed by 1 × 10 IA MSCs administration at 6 h.

Assessment of Mitochondrial Complex II and III Activity in Brain Sections: A Histoenzymological Technique.

Mitochondrial impairment stands to be a major factor which contributes to the onset and pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, of which Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD) are among the notable ones. Extensive researches suggest the probable role of mitochondrial complex II and III dysfunction as underlying players in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and HD. Present scenario of the world in occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders demands more research and development in this field.

Advancement in CRISPR/Cas9 Technology to Better Understand and Treat Neurological Disorders.

Neurological disorders have complicated pathophysiology that may involve several genetic mutations. Conventional treatment has limitations as they only treat apparent symptoms. Although, personalized medicine is emerging as a promising neuro-intervention, lack of precision is the major pitfall.

Garcinia morella extract confers dopaminergic neuroprotection by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunctions and inflammation in mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Dopaminergic neuroprotection is the main interest in designing novel therapeutics against Parkinson's disease (PD). In the process of dopaminergic degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunctions and inflammation are significant. While the existing drugs provide symptomatic relief against PD, a therapy conferring total neuroprotection by targeting multiple degenerative pathways is still lacking.

Targeting the Pathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease Through Nanovesicleaided Drug Delivery Approach.

Introduction: Nanovesicle technology is making a huge contribution to the progress of treatment studies for various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the leading neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe cognitive impairment. Despite the prevalence of several forms of anti-AD drugs, the accelerating pace of AD incidence cannot becurbed, and for rescue, nanovesicle technology has grabbed much attention.

Sirtuin-1 - Mediated NF-κB Pathway Modulation to Mitigate Inflammasome Signaling and Cellular Apoptosis is One of the Neuroprotective Effects of Intra-arterial Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Following Ischemic Stroke.

Aim: Stroke results in long term serious disability that affect millions across the globe. Several clinical and preclinical studies have reinforced the therapeutic use of stem cells in stroke patients to enhance their quality of life. Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that 1*10 allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) when given intraarterially (IA) render neuroprotection by modulating the expression of inflammasomes.

Garcinol blocks motor behavioural deficits by providing dopaminergic neuroprotection in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: involvement of anti-inflammatory response.

Although the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood, studies in animal models revealed loss of dopamine and the dopaminergic neurons harbouring the neurotransmitter to be the principal cause behind this neuro-motor disorder. Neuroinflammation with glial cell activation is suggested to play a significant role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Several biomolecules have been reported to confer dopaminergic neuroprotection in different animal models of PD, owing to their anti-inflammatory potentials.