Optimal Large Language Model Characteristics to Balance Accuracy and Energy Use for Sustainable Medical Applications.

Background Large language models (LLMs) for medical applications use unknown amounts of energy, which contribute to the overall carbon footprint of the health care system. Purpose To investigate the tradeoffs between accuracy and energy use when using different LLM types and sizes for medical applications. Materials and Methods This retrospective study evaluated five different billion (B)-parameter sizes of two open-source LLMs (Meta's Llama 2, a general-purpose model, and LMSYS Org's Vicuna 1.

Opioid and Antimicrobial Prescription Patterns During Emergency Medicine Encounters Among Uninsured Patients.

The purpose of this study was to characterize opioid and antimicrobial prescribing among uninsured patients seeking emergency medical care and to build predictive machine learning models. Uninsured patients were less likely to receive an opioid medication, more likely to receive non-opioid alternatives, and less likely to receive an antimicrobial prescription. The most impactful contributing factors were housing status, comorbidities, and recidivism.

Exploring the Clinical Translation of Generative Models Like ChatGPT: Promise and Pitfalls in Radiology, From Patients to Population Health.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as GPT-4, and the chatbot interface ChatGPT, show promise for a variety of applications in radiology and health care. However, like other AI tools, ChatGPT has limitations and potential pitfalls that must be considered before adopting it for teaching, clinical practice, and beyond. We summarize five major emerging use cases for ChatGPT and generative AI in radiology across the levels of increasing data complexity, along with pitfalls associated with each.

Rates and Outcomes of Breast Lesions of Uncertain Malignant Potential (B3) benchmarked against the National Breast Screening Pathology Audit; Improving Performance in a High Volume Screening Unit.

Introduction: Our breast screening unit was identified as high outlier for B3 lesions with a low positive predictive value (PPV) compared to the England average. This prompted a detailed internal audit and review of B3 lesions and their outcomes to identify causes and address any variation in practice.

Patients And Methods: The B3 rate was calculated in 4168 breast core biopsies from 2019, using the subsequent excision to determine the PPV.

A Policy-Driven Approach to Secure Extraction of COVID-19 Data From Research Papers.

The entire scientific and academic community has been mobilized to gain a better understanding of the COVID-19 disease and its impact on humanity. Most research related to COVID-19 needs to analyze large amounts of data in very little time. This urgency has made Big Data Analysis, and related questions around the privacy and security of the data, an extremely important part of research in the COVID-19 era.

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma initially presenting as a unilateral breast lump.

Breast metastasis from primary renal cell carcinoma is a rare entity and infrequently reported in the literature. We present a case of a 65-year-old lady who presented to breast clinic with a 4-month history of rapidly growing right sided breast lump. She previously had a left mastectomy for breast cancer and a hysterectomy for endometrial cancer.

Single-day HER2neu amplification assessment using chip-based digital PCR in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma tissue.

Introduction: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification is present in almost 15%-20% of breast cancer tumors, making it an important parameter for testing. The present study was designed to evaluate a chip-based digital PCR (dPCR) system for assessing HER2 amplification from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma tissue and to compare this system with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Materials And Methods: A total of 84 breast carcinoma tissue samples were analyzed by IHC, FISH, and chip-based dPCR in a blinded manner.

Interfacial modification of clay nanotubes for the sustained release of corrosion inhibitors.

Long-lasting anticorrosive coatings for steel have been developed on the basis of halloysite nanotubes loaded with three corrosion inhibitors: benzotriazole, mercaptobenzothiazole, and mercaptobenzimidazole. The inhibitors' loaded tubes were admixed at 5-10 wt % to oil-based alkyd paint providing sustained agent release and corrosion healing in the coating defects. The slow 20-30 h release of the inhibitors at defect points caused a remarkable improvement in the anticorrosion efficiency of the coatings.

Enlargement of halloysite clay nanotube lumen by selective etching of aluminum oxide.

Halloysite clay tubes have 50 nm diameter and chemically different inner and outer walls (inner surface of aluminum oxide and outer surface of silica). Due to this different chemistry, the selective etching of alumina from inside the tube was realized, while preserving their external diameter (lumen diameter changed from 15 to 25 nm). This increases 2-3 times the tube lumen capacity for loading and further sustained release of active chemical agents such as metals, corrosion inhibitors, and drugs.

Toxicity mitigation and solidification of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash using alkaline activated coal ash.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is a common and effective practice to reduce the volume of solid waste in urban areas. However, the byproduct of this process is a fly ash (IFA), which contains large quantities of toxic contaminants. The purpose of this research study was to analyze the chemical, physical and mechanical behaviors resulting from the gradual introduction of IFA to an alkaline activated coal fly ash (CFA) matrix, as a mean of stabilizing the incinerator ash for use in industrial construction applications, where human exposure potential is limited.

Security policies and trust in ubiquitous computing.

Ubiquitous environments comprise resource-constrained mobile and wearable devices and computational elements embedded in everyday artefacts. These are connected to each other using both infrastructure-based as well as short-range ad hoc networks. Limited Internet connectivity limits the use of conventional security mechanisms such as public key infrastructures and other forms of server-centric authentication.

Nuclear overexpression of the E2F3 transcription factor in human lung cancer.

Background: The E2F3 transcription factor has an established role in controlling cell cycle progression. In previous studies we have provided evidence that nuclear E2F3 overexpression represents a mechanism that drives the development of human bladder cancer and that determines aggressiveness in human prostate cancer. We have proposed a model in which E2F3 overexpression co-operates with removal of the E2F inhibitor pRB to facilitate cancer development.