Frequency and Quality of Exposure to Adaptive Cruise Control and Impact on Trust, Workload, and Mental Models.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) support drivers with some driving tasks. However, drivers may lack appropriate knowledge about ADAS resulting in inadequate mental models. This may result in drivers misusing ADAS, or mistrusting the technologies, especially after encountering edge-case events (situations beyond the capability of an ADAS where the system may malfunction or fail) and may also adversely affect driver workload.

Simulator evaluation of an intersection maneuver assist system with connected and automated vehicle technologies.

Intersection crashes can be potentially mitigated through vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety management systems. It is important, however, to consider some of the human factors related aspects of such systems to maximise potential safety benefits. In this study, Intersection Manoeuvre Assistance Systems were conceptualised and evaluated in a driving simulator.

Modeling drivers' reaction when being tailgated: A Random Forests Method.

Background: Tailgating is a common aggressive driving behavior that has been identified as one of the leading causes of rear-end crashes. Previous studies have explored the behavior of tailgating drivers and have reported effective solutions to decrease the amount or prevalence of tailgating. This paper tries to fill the research gap by focusing on understanding highway tailgating scenarios and examining the leading vehicles' reaction using existing naturalistic driving data.

Predicting driver takeover performance in conditionally automated driving.

In conditionally automated driving, drivers have difficulty taking over control when requested. To address this challenge, we aimed to predict drivers' takeover performance before the issue of a takeover request (TOR) by analyzing drivers' physiological data and external environment data. We used data sets from two human-in-the-loop experiments, wherein drivers engaged in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs) were requested to take over control from automated driving in various situations.

A Wizard-of-Oz experimental approach to study the human factors of automated vehicles: Platform and methods evaluation.

Objectives: Driving simulation is an important platform for studying vehicle automation. There are different approaches to using this platform - with most using scripting or programmatic tools to simulate vehicle automation. A less frequently used approach, the Wizard-of-Oz method, has potential for increased flexibility and efficiency in designing and conducting experiments.

Pedestrian Trust in Automated Vehicles: Role of Traffic Signal and AV Driving Behavior.

Pedestrians' acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs) depends on their trust in the AVs. We developed a model of pedestrians' trust in AVs based on AV driving behavior and traffic signal presence. To empirically verify this model, we conducted a human-subject study with 30 participants in a virtual reality environment.

Psychosocial factors associated with intended use of automated vehicles: A simulated driving study.

This study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to assess drivers' intended use of automated vehicles (AVs) after undertaking a simulated driving task. In addition, this study explored the potential for trust to account for additional variance to the psychosocial factors in TPB and TAM. Seventy-four participants (51% female) aged between 25 and 64 years (M = 42.

Perceived safety benefits, concerns, and utility of advanced driver assistance systems among owners of ADAS-equipped vehicles.

Objective: There are many unknowns regarding drivers' use and acceptance of advanced vehicle technologies. This research aimed to examine drivers' perceptions of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).

Methods: This research was conducted using structured interviews and focus groups of owners of vehicles with advanced technologies.

Peer Passenger Norms and Pressure: Experimental Effects on Simulated Driving Among Teenage Males.

Objective: Serious crashes are more likely when teenage drivers have teenage passengers. One likely source of this increased risk is social influences on driving performance. This driving simulator study experimentally tested the effects of peer influence (i.

Assessing Risk-Taking in a Driving Simulator Study: Modeling Longitudinal Semi-Continuous Driving Data Using a Two-Part Regression Model with Correlated Random Effects.

Signalized intersection management is a common measure of risky driving in simulator studies. In a recent randomized trial, investigators were interested in whether teenage males exposed to a risk-accepting passenger took more intersection risks in a driving simulator compared with those exposed to a risk-averse peer passenger. Analyses in this trial are complicated by the longitudinal or repeated measures that are semi-continuous with clumping at zero.

Naturalistic teenage driving study: Findings and lessons learned.

Introduction: This paper summarizes the findings on novice teenage driving outcomes (e.g., crashes and risky driving behaviors) from the Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study.

Young Drivers and Their Passengers: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies on Crash Risk.

Purpose: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to appraise the evidence from epidemiological studies of crash risk in young drivers accompanied by passengers, compared with solo driving.

Methods: Databases searched were the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Transportation Research Information Services, and Web of Science for studies published between January 1, 1989 and August 1, 2013. Epidemiological studies were selected for review if they focused on crashes of young drivers (≤24 years old) and included both a no-passenger comparison group and some measure of exposure to enable calculation of estimates.

A Review of Hazard Anticipation Training Programs for Young Drivers.

Purpose: Poor hazard anticipation skills are a risk factor associated with high motor vehicle crash rates of young drivers. A number of programs have been developed to improve these skills. The purpose of this review was to assess the empirical literature on hazard anticipation training for young drivers.

Buffering social influence: neural correlates of response inhibition predict driving safety in the presence of a peer.

Adolescence is a period characterized by increased sensitivity to social cues, as well as increased risk-taking in the presence of peers. For example, automobile crashes are the leading cause of death for adolescents, and driving with peers increases the risk of a fatal crash. Growing evidence points to an interaction between neural systems implicated in cognitive control and social and emotional context in predicting adolescent risk.

Keep your eyes on the road: young driver crash risk increases according to duration of distraction.

Purpose: Secondary task engagement that distracts the driver is a contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes among adults. However, the association between eye glance duration and crash risk with novice teenage drivers has not been determined.

Methods: Vehicles of 42 newly licensed teenage drivers were instrumented with cameras, accelerometers, Global Positioning System(s) (GPS), and other devices.

Peer passenger influences on male adolescent drivers' visual scanning behavior during simulated driving.

Purpose: There is a higher likelihood of crashes and fatalities when an adolescent drives with peer passengers, especially for male drivers and male passengers. Simulated driving of male adolescent drivers with male peer passengers was studied to examine passenger influences on distraction and inattention.

Methods: Male adolescents drove in a high-fidelity driving simulator with a male confederate who posed either as a risk-accepting passenger or as a risk-averse passenger.

Neural responses to exclusion predict susceptibility to social influence.

Purpose: Social influence is prominent across the lifespan, but sensitivity to influence is especially high during adolescence and is often associated with increased risk taking. Such risk taking can have dire consequences. For example, in American adolescents, traffic-related crashes are leading causes of nonfatal injury and death.

Experimental effects of injunctive norms on simulated risky driving among teenage males.

Objective: Teenage passengers affect teenage driving performance, possibly by social influence. To examine the effect of social norms on driving behavior, male teenagers were randomly assigned to drive in a simulator with a peer-aged confederate to whom participants were primed to attribute either risk-accepting or risk-averse social norms. It was hypothesized that teenage drivers would engage in more risky driving behavior in the presence of peer passengers than no passengers, and with a risk-accepting compared with a risk-averse passenger.

A simulator evaluation of the effects of attention maintenance training on glance distributions of younger novice drivers inside and outside the vehicle.

Driver distraction inside and outside the vehicle is increasingly a problem, especially for younger drivers. In many cases the distraction is associated with long glances away from the forward roadway. Such glances have been shown to be highly predictive of crashes.

The effect of male teenage passengers on male teenage drivers: findings from a driving simulator study.

Studies have shown that teenage drivers are less attentive, more frequently exhibit risky driving behavior, and have a higher fatal crash risk in the presence of peers. The effects of direct peer pressure and conversation on young drivers have been examined. Little is known about the impact on driving performance of the presence of a non-interacting passenger and subtle modes of peer influence, such as perceived social norms.

The effect on teenage risky driving of feedback from a safety monitoring system: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: Teenage risky driving may be due to teenagers not knowing what is risky, preferring risk, or the lack of consequences. Elevated gravitational-force (g-force) events, caused mainly by hard braking and sharp turns, provide a valid measure of risky driving and are the target of interventions using in-vehicle data recording and feedback devices. The effect of two forms of feedback about risky driving events to teenagers only or to teenagers and their parents was tested in a randomized controlled trial.

Long Term Effects of Hazard Anticipation Training on Novice Drivers Measured on the Open Road.

(a) The purpose of this study was to determine whether novice drivers that were trained to anticipate hazards did so better than novice drivers who were not so trained immediately after training and up to one year after training occurred. (b) Novice drivers who had held their restricted license for about one month were randomly assigned to a PC-based hazard anticipation training program (RAPT) or a placebo (control) training program. The programs took about one hour to complete.

Are Driving Simulators Effective Tools for Evaluating Novice Drivers' Hazard Anticipation, Speed Management, and Attention Maintenance Skills.

Novice drivers (teen drivers with their solo license for six months or less) are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. Post hoc analyses of police accident reports indicate that novice drivers fail to anticipate hazards, manage their speed, and maintain attention. These skills are much too broadly defined to be of much help in training.

Using eye movements to evaluate effects of driver age on risk perception in a driving simulator.

Novice drivers (16-year-olds with < or = 6 months' driving experience) have the highest crash involvement rates per 100 million vehicle miles (161 million vehicle km). In the past, this was attributed to greater risk taking or poorly developed psychomotor skills. More recently, however, their high crash involvement rate has been hypothesized to be attributable largely to their relative inability to acquire and assess information in inherently risky situations.