Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the critical intermediate of inflammation-induced fetal membrane weakening, primarily exerts its weakening effect on the choriodecidua rather than the amnion.

Introduction: We have previously demonstrated two associations of PPROM, (1) inflammation/infection (modeled by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)) and (2) decidual bleeding (modeled by thrombin), both decrease fetal membrane (FM) rupture strength in-vitro. Furthermore, Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating-Factor (GM-CSF) induced by both TNF and thrombin is a critical intermediate, necessary and sufficient for weakening by either agent. The amnion is the strength component of FM and must weaken for FM to rupture.

In an in-vitro model using human fetal membranes, α-lipoic acid inhibits inflammation induced fetal membrane weakening.

Introduction: We established an in-vitro model for the study of human fetal membrane (FM) weakening leading to pPROM. In this model, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a critical intermediate for both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF; modeling infection/inflammation) and thrombin (modeling decidual bleeding/abruption)-induced weakening. Thus, inhibitors of FM weakening can be categorized as targeting GM-CSF production, GM-CSF downstream action, or both.

Hypoglycemia in the preterm neonate: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and long-term outcomes.

Glucose, like oxygen, is of fundamental importance for any living being and it is the major energy source for the fetus and the neonate during gestation. The placenta ensures a steady supply of glucose to the fetus, while birth marks a sudden change in substrate delivery and a major change in metabolism. Hypoglycemia is one of the most common pathologies encountered in the neonatal intensive care unit and affects a wide range of neonates.

To evaluate stereoacuity in patients with acquired esotropia and to determine factors associated with favourable outcomes.

Aim: To evaluate stereoacuity in patients with acquired esotropia and determine the factors associated with favorable outcomes.

Materials And Methods: A total of 68 subjects aged 6 years and above were included in the study. Thorough clinical evaluation including binocular status examination using the Bagolini-striated glass test, The Netherland Organization (TNO), and Randot stereo test were done.

Evaluation of periosteal fixation of lateral rectus and partial VRT for cases of exotropic Duane retraction syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the lateral rectus periosteal fixation and partial vertical rectus transpositioning (VRT) as treatment modalities to correct exotropic Duane retraction syndrome (Exo-DRS).

Materials And Methods: Prospective interventional case study of cases of Exo-DRS with limitation of adduction. A total of 13 patients were subdivided into two groups.

Evaluation of FD2 (Frisby Davis distance) stereotest in surgical management of intermittent exotropia.

Aim: To evaluate Frisby Davis distance (FD2) stereotest for determining the timing of surgical intervention in intermittent exotropia (X(T)).

Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted including 30 patients with X(T) and 30 age-matched controls. Stereoacuity was measured preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively using FD2 for distance and TNO and Randot for near.