Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels.

Intensification or abandonment of agricultural land use has led to a severe decline of semi-natural habitats across Europe. This can cause immediate loss of species but also time-delayed extinctions, known as the extinction debt. In a pan-European study of 147 fragmented grassland remnants, we found differences in the extinction debt of species from different trophic levels.

Counterintuitive size patterns in bivoltine moths: late-season larvae grow larger despite lower food quality.

Within a season, successive generations of short-lived organisms experience different combinations of environmental parameters, such as temperature, food quality and mortality risk. Adult body size of e.g.